Abstract
BackgroundTo investigate the prevalence of depression, suicidal ideations, alcohol and nicotine consumption in adults in an agrarian society mostly unchanged by the effects of urbanization.MethodsThe Central India Eye and Medical Study is a population-based study in rural Central India close to the tribal belt and included 4711 subjects (aged 30+ years). Depression was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), suicidal ideation by six standardized questions, nicotine use by the Fagerstroem Nicotine Tolerance Questionnaire (FTNQ), and alcohol consumption by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).ResultsMild to moderate depression (CESD sum score: 15–21) was detected in 1862 (39.6%) individuals (33.5% of men, 44.8 of women), and major depression (CESD sum score >21) in 613 (13.0%) individuals (8.1 of men, 17.3% of women). Suicide attempt was reported by 199 (4.2%) participants and suicidal thoughts during the last 6 months by 238 (5.1%) individuals. There were 887 (18.9%) smokers and smokeless tobacco was consumed by 1968 (41.8%) subjects. Alcohol consumption was reported by 1081 (23.0%) participants; 283 (6.0%) subjects had an AUDIT score ≥8 (hazardous drinking), and 108 (4.63%) subjects a score ≥13 (women) or ≥15 (men) (alcohol dependence).ConclusionsIn rural Central India, prevalence of major depression was comparable to figures reported from other developing countries. Prevalence of smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption was higher than as reported from urban regions. Measures should be taken to address the relatively high prevalence of suicide attempts and thoughts on suicide in rural Central India.
Highlights
Depression with a lifetime prevalence of 2% to 15% is one of the most important risk factors for substantial disability and is one of the major leading causes of disease burden in 2010 [1,2,3,4,5]
Among other risk factors such as dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose and physical inactivity, belongs to the leading risk factors related to DALYs [1,2,9,10,11,12,13]
Despite the worldwide importance of depression, suicide, smoking and alcohol consumption, and India is the second largest nation by the number of inhabitants, relatively little has been known about the prevalence of depression, suicide ideation, alcohol and nicotine consumption in India
Summary
Depression with a lifetime prevalence of 2% to 15% is one of the most important risk factors for substantial disability and is one of the major leading causes of disease burden in 2010 [1,2,3,4,5]. Despite the worldwide importance of depression, suicide, smoking and alcohol consumption, and India is the second largest nation by the number of inhabitants, relatively little has been known about the prevalence of depression, suicide ideation, alcohol and nicotine consumption in India. It holds true in particular for the rural population in the under-developed regions of the Indian subcontinent. Since the living conditions in these communities have not markedly changed within the last 100 years, the study offered the possibility of assessing the prevalence of depression, smoking and alcohol consumption in an environment which has remained mostly untouched by factors associated with a developed technical and medical infrastructure. To investigate the prevalence of depression, suicidal ideations, alcohol and nicotine consumption in adults in an agrarian society mostly unchanged by the effects of urbanization
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