Abstract
BackgroundHelminthic infections, in particular those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are found worldwide and are among the most economically important diseases of goats. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in GIN of goats is currently present worldwide, and single- or multidrug resistant species are widespread. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AR to benzimidazoles (BZ), macrocyclic lactones (ML) and imidazothiazoles represented by levamisole (LEV) in the Polish goat herds by using an in vitro larval development test, which is useful especially in large-scale epidemiological surveys.ResultsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2018 to June 2019 and enrolled 42 dairy goat herds scattered over the entire country. The most commonly used anthelmintic class in goat herds in Poland were BZ (92%), followed by ML (85%) and LEV (13%). BZ-resistant GIN populations were found in 37 herds (88%, CI 95%: 75 to 95%), ML-resistant GIN populations in 40 herds (95%, CI 95, 84 to 99%), and LEV-resistant GIN populations in 5 herds (12%, CI 95%: 5 to 25%). Multidrug resistance involving all three anthelmintic classes was found in 5 herds (12%, CI 95, 5 to 25%). Based on the morphological features of stage 3 larvae the main resistant GIN turned out to be Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. The use of BZ and frequency of anthelmintic treatments were significantly related to the presence of AR to BZ in Polish goat herds.ConclusionsThis cross-sectional study demonstrates the existence of AR to BZ, ML and LEV on Polish goat farms. Resistance to BZ and ML is widespread, while AR to LEV is currently at a low level. A considerable proportion of herds harbours multidrug resistant GIN, which requires further consideration. An effective anthelmintic treatment strategy, reasonable preventive measures and better understanding of the resistance-related management practices by farmers and veterinarians may delay further development of AR.
Highlights
Helminthic infections, in particular those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are found worldwide and are among the most economically important diseases of goats
Mickiewicz et al BMC Veterinary Research (2021) 17:19. Parasitic infections, especially those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are one of the main factors responsible for economic losses in goat farming around the world [1]
Of 5 herds resistant to LEV, 3 had Trichostrongylus spp. as the only GIN left in wells with LEV at the discriminating concentration (DC), and 2 had Trichostrongylus spp. and H. contortus. These results indicated that H. contortus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were mainly responsible for Anthelmintic resistance (AR) to BZ, all three GIN were responsible for AR to macrocyclic lactones (ML), while Trichostrongylus spp. was the main GIN resistant to LEV (Fig. 2)
Summary
Helminthic infections, in particular those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are found worldwide and are among the most economically important diseases of goats. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AR to benzimidazoles (BZ), macrocyclic lactones (ML) and imidazothiazoles represented by levamisole (LEV) in the Polish goat herds by using an in vitro larval development test, which is useful especially in large-scale epidemiological surveys Parasitic infections, especially those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are one of the main factors responsible for economic losses in goat farming around the world [1]. Especially those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are one of the main factors responsible for economic losses in goat farming around the world [1] Their control is mainly based on the use of three chemical classes of anthelmintics: benzimidazoles (BZ), macrocyclic lactones (ML), and imidazothiazoles including levamisole (LEV). These factors, together with certain types of farm management, can promote the development of AR, especially in goats which need higher doses to ensure anthelmintic efficacy since they metabolise and eliminate various medicines quicker than sheep and cattle [5, 6]
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