Prevalence of ABO and Rh blood groups among individuals attending a tertiary care hospital in Nepal: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

The ABO and Rh blood group systems are fundamental to the fields of transfusion medicine and blood banking, with the ABO system's discovery by Karl Landsteiner in 1900 marking a significant milestone in these domains. The distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups significantly varies across different populations and is crucial for effective blood bank management and transfusion services. A cross-sectional study was conducted on first year MBBS medical students in the Dinajpur Medical College, Dinajpur, Bangladesh from January to December 2021. Total of 120 medical students, 40 males and 80 females, samples were collected by finger prick method under aseptic precautions. The ABO blood grouping and Rhesus factors (Rh) typing determined by glass slide method, which is based on antigen antibody agglutination. ABO blood group system classifies blood groups of people into four different types namely A, B, O and AB. The need for the study of frequency distribution of blood group is multipurpose. Out of total 120 participants 80 were female students and 40 were male students. Among the most common blood group was O (42.5%) followed by B (29.2%), A (16.6%), AB (11.6%). 80.8 % students were Rh positive and 19.2 % were Rh negative and O + is (30.8%) commonest blood group among 120 students and A- and AB – are rarest blood groups (1.6%). This study may enable us to contact individuals belonging to a particular blood group at times of medical emergencies when blood transfusion is required. Knowledge of blood group distribution is important for clinical studies, for reliable geographical information, blood bank management and for forensic studies in the population. Such a study would create awareness about self-blood grouping and also enable one to prepare a database of the available blood groups which can be utilized during medical emergencies for safe blood transfusion.

Context: Distribution of blood groups varies among ethnic groups throughout the world. Blood groups of tribals should be determined as they are ethnically different from the main population of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: To observe the distribution pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups and to compare the groups among Manipuris (1434) and Khasias (204), this descriptive crosssectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2006 to June 2007. Manipuris were divided in Bishnupriya (658), Meitei (460) and Meitei-Pangan (316) according to their ethnic origin. Data were collected from Manipuri (12) and Khasia (2) localities selected by systematic random sampling. ABO and Rh blood groups of participants were determined by the antigen antibody agglutination test of slide method. Data from groups were compared by chi-square test with 95% confidence limit. Results: There are significant variations in the distribution of ABO (p<0.001) and Rh (p<0.001) blood groups among all study groups. Blood group A was more frequent among Meiteis (40%) and Meitei-Pangans (42.41%) whereas blood group O was more frequent in Bishnupriyas (47.72%) and Khasias (35.29%). In all tribal communities, AB blood group was least frequent. Rh positive participants (97.43%) were more than Rh negative (2.57%). In Khasias, no Rh negative group was found. Rh negativity was more in Bishnupriyas (4.9%) which was significantly higher than Meiteis (0.87%) and Meitei-Pangans. (1.94%) (X2=16.7; p<0.001). Conclusion: Distribution of ABO blood groups varies among the Manipuris and Khasias. Significant variation is also found in three groups of Manipuris and the distribution corresponds with the pattern of their ancestors. Key words: ABO blood group; Rh blood group; tribal population; Sylhet. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v20i1.8581 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2011; 20(1) :44-50

Background ABO and Rh Blood grouping systems are the most commonly used blood grouping systems in transfusion medicine despite the long list of several other blood groups discovered so far. They are genetically inherited and play a vital role in blood transfusions population genetic studies paternity testing anthropology and addressing medico legal issues.Aim To determine the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rhesus Rh blood groups in women studying in a Degree College.Material and Methods This study is a cross-sectional observational study which was conducted in a womenrsquos Degree College in Harihara. Students who consented for blood group testing were included in the study. Grouping was done by slide agglutination method using capillary blood obtained by finger prick. Standard antisera A B and D were used. Age of the individuals and their blood groups were noted down for analysis. Results were expressed in numbers and percentage.Results 351 students participated in the study. lsquoBrsquo and lsquoOrsquo formed the most common blood groups accounting for 34.2 and 33.7 respectively. Blood group lsquoArsquo accounted for 21.9 whereas lsquoABrsquo was the least common with 10.3. 96.9 students were Rhesus positive whereas only 3.1 were Rhesus negative.Conclusion Most frequently occurring blood groups were lsquoBrsquo and lsquoOrsquo whereas lsquoABrsquo was the least common blood group in the ABO system. Rhesus Rh positive blood group was significantly higher than the Rhesus Rh negative blood group.

The identification and categorization of blood groups play a crucial role in transfusion medicine as it allows for safe and compatible transfusions. Among the various blood group systems, the ABO and Rhesus blood grouping systems have special clinical significance. Understanding the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups within a specific community is essential for healthcare planning, especially when it comes to blood supply management and organ transplantation. Additionally, studies have also shown a relationship between ABO blood groups and the onset and spread of diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups in AzZawya City, Libya. In this retrospective study, data from the blood bank at Zawia Medical Center were collected over three years to detect the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among 5187 donors and admitted patients. The result shows that blood group O is the dominant among all study subjects (45%), as well as, among males (48.2%), and females (42.2%). Blood group A is the second most common at 34.6% among total, 33% among males, and 36% among females. For Rhesus antigens 89.4% of study subjects were Rhesus positive, 87.3% for males and 80% for females. In addition, the results show a statistically significant association between gender and blood group distribution p<0.001. Knowing the most common blood types helps maintain adequate blood bank supplies.

Background: The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group system are the most important blood group systems in Transfusion Medicine, genetic studies and in legal medicine study. The distribution of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups is vital for the effective operation and planning of blood banks and secure blood transfusion services. Objective: To determine the distribution of ABO Rh blood groups among blood donors in Jiblah University Hospital in Ibb province, Yemen. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Blood bank of Jiblah university hospital in Ibb city, Yemen from January 2021 to August 2023. Blood groups typing of 4853 blood donors was carried out using Slide Agglutination (antigenantibody) method with antisera anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D. Age and sex of participants were considered. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: The most common blood group was O (55.54%) and AB was the least common (1.71%). The prevalence of Rhpositive and Rh-negative was 80% and 20% respectively. There were statistically significant association between ABO blood groups and Rh blood group (P = 0.000). Conclusion: The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups were O>A>B>AB and O+>A+>O->B+>A- >AB+>B->AB- was found to be the order of blood group frequency in the current study. There was a statistical association between ABO blood group system and Rh system

IntroductionThe distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups and their allele frequencies vary from one population to another worldwide. The objective of the study is to estimate the distribution of ABO & Rh (D) blood groups among all the blood donors in a tertiary care hospital in Chengalpattu district of Tamilnadu in South India and to determine their allele frequencies.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study carried out in the blood bank of Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre from January 2015 to December 2021. ABO and Rh (D) blood grouping of all the blood donors were carried out by tube agglutination method. Allele frequency of the blood group genes was calculated based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.ResultsOut of total a of 7598 blood donors, 7576 (99.71%) were males and 22 (0.29%) were females. The most common blood group was O positive (37.67%) while AB negative (0.18%) was the least common blood group. The phenotypic frequency of blood group O (39.17%) was the highest and that of blood group AB (7.88%) was the least. A majority (95.96%) of the blood donors were Rh (D) positive. The allele frequencies of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups were 0.1628 for IA, 0.2177 for IB, 0.6259 for IO, 0.7991 for ID, and 0.2009 for Id.ConclusionsThe distribution of the two major blood group systems namely ABO and Rh (D) systems show considerable heterogeneity in different populations of the world. Information about allele frequencies of blood groups among different populations worldwide will help in framing policy decisions to face future challenges in healthcare services.

Background: India is a vast country with lot of diversity in race, religion and creed. The same diversity has been observed in geographical distribution of blood groups in population within country. ABO and Rh blood groups are most important blood groups in human beings. Objectives: A retrospective study was conducted at Government Medical College/ Government General Hospital Blood Bank Anantapuramu over a period of one year from January 2014 to December 2014 to determine and compare the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of one year was carried out at our blood bank in Government Medical College & Hospital, Anantapuramu in Andhra Pradesh, South India. Data pertaining to the blood groups of donors was collected from the Blood Bank donor register from January 2014 to December 2014. Results: The total donors studied from January 2014 to December 2014 were 6942. The distribution of blood groups was : blood group ‘A’ 1386 ( 20 % ), ‘B‘ 2489 ( 35.8 % ), ‘AB’ 509 ( 7.3 % ) and ‘ O ‘ 2558 ( 36.9 % ). In both Rh D positive and Rh D negative person’s blood group ‘ O ‘ was the commonest followed by blood group ‘ B ‘ Blood group ‘ AB ‘ is the least common. Conclusion: The “O” blood group is significantly high in our population and comparatively low “AB” blood group. Every transfusion center should have a record of frequency of blood group system in their population. The study of distribution of blood group is very important for blood banks and transfusion services that could contribute to the patients’ health care.

BackgroundAmong the blood group antigens identified, ABO and Rhesus are the most important in transfusion medicine. ABO blood group antigens are the most immunogenic followed by Rhesus (D antigen). These blood groups’ frequency distribution varies among different regions and races of the world. This study aimed to identifying the frequency distribution of ABO blood group and rhesus factors among blood donors in Ethiopia.Methods and MaterialsAretrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September 12/2019 to March 18/2021 at Bahir Dar blood bank service. After getting a permission letter from the blood bank, data were collected from the blood bank donor data registration system, and descriptive statistical results were presented in number (frequency) and percentage. A Chi-square test was used to show the difference in the frequency distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among sex and blood donation site.ResultsFrom 40,053 blood donors, 67.7% were males and younger donors (within the age range of 18–24 years) account for 63.7%. All donations were from voluntary non-remunerated blood donors. The most common blood group was blood group O (41.5%) followed by A (29.8), B (23.2%), and AB (5.5%). Considering ABO and Rh blood group altogether blood group O positive with 37.9% was the predominant blood group followed by A positive (27.2%), B positive (21.4%), AB positive (5%), O negative (3.6%), A negative (2.6%), B negative (1.8%), and AB negative (0.4%). The majority of study participants were 91.5% Rh (D) positive.ConclusionThis study showed that blood group O was the predominant followed by A, B, and AB and most of the blood donors’ blood groups were Rh-positive (91.5%). About 68.9% of the total donations were from the first time donor.

Background:It is well established that ABO and rhesus (Rh) genes and phenotypes vary widely between ethnic groups and both within and between geographical areas. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in Kurds and to compare it with those of other populations.Subjects and methods:The study included blood grouping of total population of 53,234 whose ABO and Rh blood groups were determined by standard methods during a period of about 5 years (2005–2009).Results:The most prevalent blood group was O (37.16%), followed by blood groups A (32.47%) and B (23.84%), whereas the least prevalent blood group was AB (6.53%). The majority 91.73% were Rh positive, and 8.27% were Rh negative. Data showed that among the Rh-positive individuals, 34.03% were O, 29.99% were A, 21.69% were B, and 6.02% were AB. Break up of the Rh negatives showed that 3.13% were group O, 2.48% were A, 2.15% were B, and 0.51% were AB.Conclusion:Blood group O is the commonest blood group in, followed by A, B, and AB. More than 91% of the study population is Rh positive. Also, we can conclude that distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in Kurds, in addition to being close to the mean of the world’s population, is closest to Iranians, with similar trend to the neighboring countries, and appears to be intermediate between eastern (Asian) and western European (Caucasian) data.

Background: The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group systems are genetically inherited and play very vital role in blood transfusions, parental and genetic testing and addressing medico legal issues. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in provincial Hospital at Gandhi Nagar, Jammu, India. Materials and Methods: An observational descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at Blood bank of Government Hospital Gandhi Nagar over a period of one year from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. ABO and Rh typing was done using slide agglutination method with antisera ABO and Rh. Tube agglutination method was done in doubtful cases and they were further confirmed by reverse grouping using known pooled A and B cells. Results were reported in percentages and proportions. Results & conclusion: Out of 2808 donors, 2360 (84%) were males and 448 (16%) were females. Majority of donors belonged to age group 26-35 years. The commonest ABO blood group present was B (37%) followed by O (26.3%), A (25.6%) and AB (11.1%) while 2606 (92.8%) donors were Rh-positive and 202(7.2%) donors were Rh negative. Replacement donors (83.1%) were much more than voluntary donors (16.9%). Conclusion: Distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups has important role to play in management and functioning of blood banks. Key Words: ABO, Blood groups, Blood donors, Rhesus (Rh)group

Congenital cleft lip and palate is a common birth defect that seriously affects the lives of the afflicted children and their families. Previously, no research has been done to investigate the pathogenic characteristics of cleft lip and palate among ethnic minorities, for example, Tibetans, a minority ethnic group with a large population in China. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of cleft lip and palate in Tibetans and Han Chinese in western China and the distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh blood groups to provide a theoretical basis for the precise prevention and treatment of cleft lip and palate. In this study, statistics on Tibetan patients with cleft lip and palate, some Han patients with cleft lip and palate, and normal controls from western China were retrospectively collected. All participants were patients from West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University. All patients with cleft lip and palate received treatment at the hospital between January 2016 and September 2023. The normal controls were outpatients or inpatients who did not have cleft lip and palate, and who received treatment at the hospital between January 2020 and October 2023. Information on the A, B, O, and AB blood groups and Rh positive and negative blood groups of the patients was collected and compared with that of the normal controls. The incidence of different phenotypes, including cleft lip alone, cleft palate alone, and cleft lip with cleft palate, in patients of blood groups A, B, O and AB were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test. A total of 1227 Tibetan patients with cleft lip and palate, 4064 Han patients with cleft lip and palate, and 5360 normal controls were included in the study. Among all the patients with cleft lip and palate, 1863 had cleft lip alone, 1425 had cleft palate alone, and 2003 had cleft lip with cleft palate. The ABO blood group distribution of Tibetan patients with cleft lip and palate was characterized as O>B>A>AB, with Rh positive blood group accounting for 100%, blood type O accounting for 41.15%, and blood type B accounting for 30.64%. The blood group distribution of the Han patients with cleft lip and palate was characterized as O>A>B>AB, with Rh positive blood group accounting for 99.58%, blood type O accounting for 35.78%, and type A accounting for 30.54%. There was a significant difference in ABO blood groups between Tibetan and Han patients with cleft lip and palate (P<0.005), but no significant difference in Rh blood groups. The ABO blood group distribution of the Tibetan patients with cleft lip and palate showed an obvious difference from that of the control group, while those of the Han patients with cleft lip and cleft palate and the control group did not show obvious differences. In the analysis of the subtypes, it was found that the blood group distribution in the subtypes of cleft lip alone, cleft palate alone, and cleft lip with cleft palate in the Tibetan population was O>B>A>AB, while that in the Han Chinese population was O>A>B>AB. There were differences in blood group distribution between Tibetans and Hans of the subtypes of cleft lip alone and cleft lip with cleft palate (P<0.001), but there was no difference in blood group distribution in the population of cleft palate-only subtype. The proportion of blood type O in Tibetan patients with cleft lip and palate was significantly higher than that in the Han patients with cleft lip and palate. The blood group distribution of Tibetan patients with cleft lip and palate in Sichuan Province, Xizang Autonomous Region, and Qinghai Province was always O>B>A>AB. Tibetan patients from Shiqu County and Baiyu County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Chaya County, Qamdo City were predominantly of blood type B, and those from other regions were mainly of blood type O. There were significant differences in the phenotype composition and ABO blood group distribution between the Tibetan and Han populations with cleft lip and palate in western China. The distribution of blood group O in the population with cleft lip and palate was higher than that in the normal population, and the same trend was observed for different phenotypes. However, differences between Tibetan and Han populations in ABO blood group distribution were only found in the phenotypes of cleft lip only and cleft lip with palate. Tibetans with blood type O are more prone to cleft lip deformity than Han people, and the effect in the phenotype of cleft lip with palate is less pronounced than that in the phenotype of cleft lip only.

The study was done to determine distribution and frequencies of ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors and to establish the existence or widespread of this hepatitis B virus among this group of people in FMC Owo. The study was carried out in Owo and the analysis of the samples was done in the Department of Haematology and Blood Bank, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State. After an informed consent was obtained 120 blood donors (110 male and 10 females) volunteered to participate in the exercise. Demographic data forms which carried all the information, personal details such as occupation, educational back ground, age, sex, medical history e.t.c were filled by each donor. All the donors were apparently healthy, age 18 to 60 years with body weight 50kg. About 5ml of blood was collected from each donor with the donor in a sitting position. The blood was transferred into plain bottles and allowed to clot, centrifuged at 1500rpm for 3 minutes to obtain serum. The serum samples were transferred to vials for use and preserved at -20C until use. ABO and Rh grouping were determined using tiles methods by the agglutination of red cell in the presence of the corresponding antigen after a drop of antisera was placed on a clean tile. Hepatitis B surface antigen was determined by the Rapid Response TM Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test strip. Simple percentage distributions and tables were used to represent the results. Phenotypic frequencies were calculated and expressed as percentage. Table-1 shows the age distribution and ABO blood group among various occupations of 120 subjects that participated in the research. The artisans were 26(12.6) with their age range 31-40. Their ABO blood group number and their percentages were as follow: A 2(1.66), B 5(4.17), AB 1(0.83) and O 8(5). Other groups of people % frequency, age range and ABO distributions were as shown in the table. Table-2 shows the occurrence of hepatitis B virus among the various groups of people that participated in this project work. The total number of people that were positive and negative and their percentages were 13(10.83) and 107(89.17). Artisans group showed the highest number 6(5) and Civil servants were the group with the least number 1(0.83). The ABO, rhesus (D) blood group and Hepatitis B virus distribution among the Owo blood donors were shown in Table-3. Out of the 120 donors only 4(3.3%) were rhesus (D) negative belonging to blood ABO blood group O. Other ABO blood groups were rhesus (D) positive. Blood group O also has the highest number of hepatitis B virus 13(10.9) while AB has the least (0). The Government should intensify and encourage the artisan to surrender themselves to be immunized against HBsAg and also encourage the adults to participate in voluntary blood donation in order to safe life.

ABO and Rh blood group systems have been associated with a number of diseases including type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Epidemiological studies have inconsistently associated ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups with T2DM risk. To assess the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among type-2 diabetic subjects and to check the potential association between ABO and Rh blood groups with T2DM. This small retrospective case-control study was conducted at DM WIMS Hospital, Wayanad. One-year data (from Jan-18 to Jan-19) of fasting, postprandial or random plasma/serum glucose, HbA1c, ABO and Rh blood groups of Non- diabetic and type -2 diabetic subjects were collected from the Hospital Clinical Laboratory Medicine department. Among 280 randomly selected data, 147 are non-diabetic subjects, and 133 are confirmed and known cases of type 2 diabetic mellitus. Subjects with Blood group B has the highest distribution percentage among group-2 (59.39%) in comparison with group-1 (34.02%), followed by A (19.55%), O (18.79%), AB (2.27%). Statistical analysis using Chi-square test among ABO and Rh blood groups between group-1 and group-2 showed a significant (p&lt; 0.001) association of blood group “B +ve” and least association of blood group “O +ve” with T2DM. However, the Rh Blood groups evaluation for T2DM showed no clear association, as both Rh +ve and Rh -ve were uniformly distributed in the groups. The ABO and Rh blood groups may have a possible role to play in the development of T2DM. The subjects with B + ve blood group are at greater risk for T2DM and O + ve blood group individuals are at lower risk for T2DM. Keywords: Blood groups; ABO blood groups; Rh blood groups; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; distribution; association REFERENCES

Background: The distribution of ABO and rhesus (Rh) blood groups has been reported to be different in several world populations. There have been few studies about blood groups among Libyan population. Aims: The study aims to determine the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups among Libyan population in Bani Waleed city. Subjects and Methods: The study group had included 344 participants of both genders aged between 15 and 80 years. Blood samples were collected for ABO and Rh blood group analysis from September to December 2018. Results: The percentage of male participants was 55.8% and 48.2% were female. The highest percentage (30.2%) were among the age group of 23–32 years. O blood group was the most common (43.6%), followed by A (31.7%), B (17.7%), and finally, AB blood group (7.0%). The percentage of Rh positive (Rh+) was 72.2% and of Rh negative (Rh−) was 23.8%. Moreover, the prevalence of ABO with Rh+ was 33.4%, 27.6%, 11.3%, and 4.7% for O+, A+, B+, and AB+, respectively. The prevalence of ABO with Rh− was 9.9%, 6.11%, 4.1%, and 2.6% for O−, B−, A−, and AB−, respectively. Conclusion: The distribution of ABO blood group in the present study is ordered of O &gt; A&gt; B &gt; AB with majority of Rh+ and higher frequencies of Rh−. The findings of this study will contribute in health services and use them as database to know detailed information of blood types such as for blood bank and blood transfusion and also to be used in population studies.

Objectives: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, environmental, and immunologic influences. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, the potential association between ABO/Rh blood groups and the risk of developing atopic dermatitis is still uncertain. The present study sought to investigate the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in individuals with atopic dermatitis compared with healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed covering a 10-year interval (2014–2024). The study included 3,470 patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and 7,449 matched controls, yielding a total sample of 10,919 individuals. Demographic data and blood group characteristics (ABO and Rh typing) were collected and evaluated. Results: The O Rh– phenotype was observed significantly more often in patients with atopic dermatitis than in controls (5.2% vs. 3.5%; OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.25–1.85; P&amp;lt;0.001). Conversely, the A Rh– blood group was notably less frequent in atopic dermatitis patients compared with the control group (3.7% vs. 4.7%; OR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.96; P=0.021). Conclusions: The findings indicate that the general distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among patients with atopic dermatitis is comparable to that of healthy individuals. However, the increased prevalence of the O Rh– type and the lower frequency of A Rh– among atopic dermatitis patients suggest that specific blood group antigens may influence susceptibility to atopic dermatitis. Future large-scale, multicenter, and prospective studies are required to further elucidate this potential relationship.