Prevalence and socioeconomic patterns of leishmaniasis in Libya: a retrospective analysis of health center data

The effects of global warming have long been a focus of scientists’ attention, not only since the USA rejected the Kyoto Protocol, which was drafted to curb the emission of so‐called greenhouse gases. The potential consequences of increasing the Earth's temperature by just a few degrees include a rise in ocean levels due to melting of the polar ice caps, parching of the land and changes of storm, flood and drought patterns. These scenarios are mainly debated among climatologists, but biologists are adding a further dimension with another potentially disastrous effect. ‘In the past five years, there has been increasing discussion about global warming and its potential impact on diseases like malaria and dengue fever in the tropics and even in temperate zones’, Uriel Kitron, Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Illinois in Urbana‐Champaign, said. Indeed, many scientists point to global warming as a factor in the spread of malaria and other vector‐borne infectious diseases. This camp believes that global warming is likely to disturb a delicate equilibrium and contribute to new epidemics of malaria, yellow and dengue fever and encephalitis. Kitron has been studying the invasion of the tiger mosquito in Illinois, LaCrosse encephalitis in the Great Lakes region, and dengue and malaria in Trinidad, Kenya and Mozambique. His research, however, does not clearly link global warming with the spread of these diseases. ‘Vector‐borne diseases have an extremely complex ecology, which renders transmission and what it takes to produce disease not that simple and clear cut’, he said. > Many scientists believe that global warming is likely to disturb a delicate equilibrium and contribute to new epidemics of malaria, yellow and dengue fever and encephalitis Unlike Kitron's middle‐of‐the‐road view, much of the scientific thinking on the topic is polarised, and seems to be tinged with politics. Paul Epstein, Associate …

Strategies to Operationalize Health Equity in Island Area Health Departments.

Is Public Health Ethical?

Has climate change already affected the spatial distribution and temporal trends of reference evapotranspiration in South Korea?

Relationships Between Chihuahuan Desert Perennial Grass Production and Precipitation

Relationships Between Chihuahuan Desert Perennial Grass Production and Precipitation

The historical epidemiology of global disease challenges

Malaria remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, with West and East Africa carrying a significant burden. This comparative study evaluates trends in malaria prevalence and incidence rates from 2000 to 2024, analyzing regional differences shaped by factors such as climate, socioeconomic conditions, healthcare access, and public health interventions. The study identifies progress in both regions due to the widespread adoption of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, West Africa faces higher malaria rates, largely influenced by limited healthcare access, insecticide resistance, and socioeconomic disparities. East Africa, particularly in urban areas, has seen more significant reductions in malaria prevalence. Despite advances, challenges like insecticide and antimalarial drug resistance, healthcare accessibility in rural areas, and the need for innovative interventions persist. The study underscores the importance of integrated resistance management, research on new treatments, healthcare system strengthening, and public-private partnerships to sustain progress and move towards malaria elimination in both regions. Keywords: Malaria trends, prevalence, incidence, West Africa, East Africa, insecticide-treated nets.

Malaria remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, with West and East Africa carrying a significant burden. This comparative study evaluates trends in malaria prevalence and incidence rates from 2000 to 2024, analyzing regional differences shaped by factors such as climate, socioeconomic conditions, healthcare access, and public health interventions. The study identifies progress in both regions due to the widespread adoption of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, West Africa faces higher malaria rates, largely influenced by limited healthcare access, insecticide resistance, and socioeconomic disparities. East Africa, particularly in urban areas, has seen more significant reductions in malaria prevalence. Despite advances, challenges like insecticide and antimalarial drug resistance, healthcare accessibility in rural areas, and the need for innovative interventions persist. The study underscores the importance of integrated resistance management, research on new treatments, healthcare system strengthening, and public-private partnerships to sustain progress and move towards malaria elimination in both regions. Keywords: Malaria trends, prevalence, incidence, West Africa, East Africa, insecticide-treated nets.

The Need for More Research and Public Health Interventions on Dengue Fever in Burkina Faso

In the UK and globally, pharmacy professionals (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) contribute to the delivery of local and national public or population health interventions. The existing literature on pharmaceutical public health predominantly focuses on micro-level activities, primarily describing community pharmacies delivering public health interventions to individuals. There is little-known evidence on pharmacy professionals' involvement in delivering public health interventions at meso- (e.g., organisational) and macro (national/policy) levels, nor to what extent pharmacy professionals have specialist/advanced roles within public health practice. This study specifically explored pharmacy professionals' specialist/advanced roles within public health as well as the opportunities and barriers to career development. The analyses of this mixed-methods study makes a series of important recommendations for future action. This study included two independent cross-sectional electronic surveys for pharmacy professionals and public health professionals, a call for evidence, and two workshops to develop recommendations. Pharmacy professionals (n = 128) and public health professionals (n = 54) across the UK participated in the surveys. Most of the Pharmacy Professionals respondents were female (70%), pharmacists (85%), working in primary (33%) or secondary (25%) care settings, mainly based in England (75%), and most (63%) lacked formal public health qualifications although they were involved in a diverse range of public health interventions. The public health professionals were mostly females (67%), practicing in England (58%). Both professional groups identified opportunities and barriers to pharmacy professionals' involvement in public health. Almost half of the public health professionals respondents (44%) stated that they had a pharmacy professional working as part of their current public health teams. Eighty-seven percent of public health professional respondents (45/52) agreed that having pharmacists or pharmacy technicians specialising in public health would be beneficial or very beneficial. Most of the documents, reports, and case histories provided through the call for evidence were unpublished. The workshops generated 94 recommendation statements, highlighting collaboration and the need to acknowledge pharmacy professionals' contributions to public health. The recommendations for strategic action at meso- and macro-levels included three main themes: adopting a national strategic approach to pharmaceutical public health, including improving commissioning; formalising pharmaceutical public health workforce development; and promoting further evidence-based pharmaceutical public health research and development.

Ecological mental health promotion - The case of suicide prevention: 21st century mental health analogues for 'clean water', 'improved sanitation', and 'vaccines'.

With regard to the implementation of the Collective Forestry Tenure Reform in China, the proportion of forestry income in farmers’ total family income has gradually increased with rapid increases observed in some provinces. Due to these regional disparities, it is important to analyze the spatial distribution and evolutionary trends of farmers’ forestry income to uncover the underlying factors for the existing distribution and note gradual changes from the perspective of economic geography. When spatial distribution and evolutionary trends of farmers’ forestry income data from 31 provinces from 2000 to 2012 were analyzed, we found that farmers’ forestry income during the 13-yr period grew quickly, but the disparities between the highest and lowest income rates gradually widened as large increases in income within a few provinces constituted the bulk of the overall increase across China. We attribute the observed spatial distribution and evolutionary trends to an imbalanced distribution of forestry resources, varying forest species, complicated forestry ownership, multiple forestry policies, differences of labor, and forestry investment.

Technological advances in transport of the 20th century include aeroplanes, human spaceflight and Moon landings, submarines, and magnetic levitation trains. In the fast-paced world of technology, the achievements of previous centuries are often forgotten. One of the examples of human ingenuity is the funicular railway. Its technology has hardly changed over the years. Using a simple pulley system, passengers and freight are still lifted steep slopes with minimal energy consumption. This demonstrates the lasting value of simple solutions and engineering intelligence. The article discusses the world’s funiculars and their design characteristics. A correlation analysis for the number of funiculars per country (N) and the country mountainousness index (M) has been carried out. 3 types of regression models have been developed and their determination and correlation coefficients have been calculated. The highest correlation coefficient values are for quadratic and linear mathematical models. The critical values of the correlation coefficients were calculated and compared with the correlation coefficients obtained from the study. For all 36 countries, the correlation coefficient for N and M variables is above the critical value only when a quadratic regression model is used. The correlation coefficients for all models are above the critical value for the 15 economically advanced and tourism-developing countries. The study shows that the number of cable cars in economically developed countries is more strongly correlated with the degree of mountainousness of the country in question.

The role of artificial intelligence for dengue prevention, control, and management: A technical narrative review.