Prevalence and Characteristics of Pregnant Women With Urinary Incontinence at Rika Amalia Hospital Palembang

Assessment of iron status in US pregnant women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2006

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health concern. Serological patterns such as “HBeAb + and HBcAb+” or “HBcAb + only” are typically markers, which may represent either resolved infection or potential occult HBV infection (OBI) with risk of vertical transmission. But OBI in these subgroups of pregnant women in Northwest China remains underreported. This study evaluates OBI prevalence in HBcAb-positive, HBsAb-negative, and HBsAg-negative pregnant women in northwest China and analyzes HBV infection trends from 2015 to 2022.MethodsThis study included 524,319 pregnant women who underwent antenatal screening at Northwest Women and Children’s Hospital from January 2015 to December 2022. Epidemiological characteristics of HBV infection were analyzed by year and age. Additionally, 168 serum samples from women with positive “HBeAb + and HBcAb+” or “HBcAb + only” results (collected between October 2022 and July 2023) were tested for HBV nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) to assess OBI prevalence.ResultsFrom 2015 to 2022, the prevalence of Active HBV infection (HBsAg-positive cases) in pregnant women was 3.29%, with 17.99% having a history of HBV infection or OBI, 31.07% susceptible, and 47.65% immune through vaccination. Active infection showed a linear decrease from 3.80% in 2016 to 2.82% in 2022 (p < 0.001), while history of HBV infection or OBI declined from 22.33 to 16.06% (p < 0.001). Vaccine-induced immunity increased from 43.67 to 49.30% (p < 0.001). Age-wise, older age groups exhibited a higher prevalence of Active HBV infection (HBsAg-positive cases), likely reflecting cumulative exposure. (p < 0.001). Susceptibility decreased with age, from 39.93% in the 18–25 group to 28.40% in the 36–45 group (28.88% reduction). Vaccine-induced immunity also declined from 49.98% in the 26–30 group to 40.15% in the 36–45 group (19.67% reduction). Among pregnant women with positive “HBeAb + and HBcAb+” or “HBcAb + only” results, OBI prevalence was 0%, compared to 6% in those with HBV seronegative negative results.ConclusionIn our study, no OBI was detected in this specific subgroup (“HBeAb + and HBcAb+” or “HBcAb + only”), suggesting a low likelihood in this population. However, further studies with larger cohorts and diverse detection methods are needed to confirm this finding. Despite a decline in HBsAg positivity, HBV remains moderately prevalent, the persistently high HBV susceptibility rate (31.07%) underscores an urgent need for targeted vaccination efforts among women of childbearing age in Northwest China.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-11463-8.

Prevalence of urinary incontinence in pregnant women in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii may cause serious illness in the immunocompromised. The Toxoplasma gondii seropositive prevalence in pregnant women in WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries is inconsistent in the literature and it is associated with outcomes that have not be fully elucidated, hence the need for a better understanding of the pooled seroprevalence and associated maternal and fetal outcomes. The objective was to conduct a systematic literature review and determine the pooled prevalence of WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional countries' pregnant women's seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and the maternal-fetal outcomes. This quantitative study examined WHO Eastern Mediterranean countries' maternal-fetal outcomes and Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in pregnant women. The targeted population was pregnant women, while the primary outcome was seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii, while other outcomes such as maternal and fetal associations and risk factors were determined PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR) databases were searched up until 30 January 2023. The search terms used were "Toxoplasma gondii" OR "Toxoplasma infection" AND "Pregnant woman" or pregnan* OR Antenatal OR Prenatal OR Gravidity OR Parturition OR Maternal AND WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region). OpenMeta-Analyst and Jamovi were used to analyze the generated data. In total, 95 of 2947 articles meeting the inclusion criteria examined Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in pregnant women from WHO Eastern Mediterranean countries. The pooled prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women was 36.5% (95%CI: 32.6-40.4) with a median value of 35.64%, range values of 1.38-75.30%, with 99.61% heterogeneity. The pooled seroprevalence of IgG of Toxoplasma gondii was 33.5% (95%CI: 29.8-37.2) with a median value of 33.51%, and a range values of 1.38-69.92%; the pooled seroprevalence of IgM was 3.6% (95%CI: 3.1-4.1)) with a median value of 3.62 and range values of 0.20-17.47%, while cases of pooled seroprevalence of both IgG and IgM positivity was 3.0% (95%CI: 1.9-4.4) with a median value of 2.05 and a range values of 0.05-16.62%. Of the Toxoplasma gondii seropositive women, 1281/3389 (34.8%) 174/1765 (32.9%), 1311/3101 (43.7%), and 715/1683 (40.8%) of them had contact with cats, drank unprocessed milk, ate raw or undercooked meat and ate unwashed raw vegetables, respectively. The maternal-fetal outcomes associated with Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity were a history of abortions, miscarriage, stillbirth, intrauterine fetal death, and premature birth, which were found in 868/2990 (32.5%), 112/300 (36.1%), 111/375 (25.7%), 3/157 (1.9%) and 96/362 (20.1%) of women who tested positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. The study found a high proportion of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in pregnant women in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, which may be linked to poor outcomes for mothers and their babies. Thus, pregnant women require monitoring and comprehensive prevention strategies for Toxoplasma gondii infection.

This study aimed to determine factors associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and their prevalence in pregnant women, and to examine the relationship between these symptoms and toileting behavior. The study included 502 pregnant women who completed the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form and the Toileting Behavior-Women's Elimination Behaviors Scale. The prevalence of at least one symptom in terms of urinary storage, voiding, urinary incontinence, sexual function, and quality of life dimensions in pregnant women were 99%, 54.8%, 60.4%, 19.7%, and 72.5%, respectively. The results showed that the lower urinary tract symptoms of pregnant women were related to premature voiding (developing the habit of voiding when there is less than 260 ml of urine in the bladder), being in the third trimester of pregnancy, the presence of stress urinary incontinence during or after pregnancy and history of urinary tract infection. Furthermore, it was found that pregnant women's total Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form score had a weak correlation with their Toileting Behavior-Women's Elimination Behaviors Scale general total score, and scores in the subsections on premature voiding, delayed voiding, and straining for voiding. Given that lower urinary tract symptoms are common among pregnant women, women should be offered antenatal training on lower urinary tract symptoms and preventative measures early on in their pregnancy to ensure they develop healthy toileting habits.

Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in school-aged children and pregnant women in endemic settings of sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Candidiasis is a common opportunistic fungal infection caused by yeast, which affects mainly women. The prevalence of candidiasis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in two Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria was investigated. A total of ninety-five women from ages of 18 to 46 years were selected for the study. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in two Local Government areas of Rivers State. The study population included pregnant and non-pregnant women. Vaginal specimens were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and also sub cultured on Hi Crome Candida differential Agar. The isolates obtained were subjected to gram staining, germ-tube test and sensitivity testing. Nystatin and fluconazole are used as antifungal agent. Identified Candida species using cultured technique include Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilopsis. Results further revealed a higher prevalence rate of candidiasis in pregnant women 29.4% compared to non-pregnant women 13.68%. Results of distribution of candidiasis according to trimester of pregnancy showed that Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were more prevalent in pregnant women while the distribution for non-pregnant women showed that Candida albicans were the most implicated species that causes vaginal candidiasis. Twenty-six Candida albicans species were subjected to germ-tube test and ten isolates were confirmed positive to germ-tube formation. This study showed lower rate of candidiasiss in women due to high rate of personal hygiene and medical facilities provided and also the study showed a higher prevalence in pregnant women compare to non-pregnant women. The women at great risk were those between the ages of 26 to 35 years and in their third trimester. Candida albicans was the most prevalent vaginal Candida species across all age groups and trimesters. Appropriate health education is necessary to reduce candidiasis since poor hygiene can lead to opportunistic infection.

To define the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HBC), and the modifications observed during the last 8 years, amongst parturients who gave birth in our department. This was a retrospective study. The 5497 parturients who gave birth in our department between October 1994 and September 2002. On average, 3.87% (213) of the pregnant women tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen; 2.90% amongst pregnant Greek women and 4.67% amongst pregnant immigrant women. Among all pregnant women, 0.80% (44) tested positive for antibodies against HCV; 0.16% amongst Greek women and 1.33% amongst immigrant women. HBV prevalence in pregnant women did not seem to be affected by the increase of immigrants in our obstetric population over the course of time. HCV prevalence in the pregnant women, however, did seem to follow the increase of immigrants in our obstetric population. Economic and security issues unfortunately deprive some neonates, born to mothers with HBV infection, from the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin.

Objective: To define the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HBC), and the modifications observed during the last 8 years, amongst parturients who gave birth in our department. Design: This was a retrospective study. Patients: The 5497 parturients who gave birth in our department between October 1994 and September 2002. Results: On average, 3.87% (213) of the pregnant women tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen; 2.90% amongst pregnant Greek women and 4.67% amongst pregnant immigrant women. Among all pregnant women, 0.80% (44) tested positive for antibodies against HCV; 0.16% amongst Greek women and 1.33% amongst immigrant women. Conclusions: HBV prevalence in pregnant women did not seem to be affected by the increase of immigrants in our obstetric population over the course of time. HCV prevalence in the pregnant women, however, did seem to follow the increase of immigrants in our obstetric population. Economic and security issues unfortunately deprive some neonates, born to mothers with HBV infection, from the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin.

Routine health system data are central to monitoring HIV trends. In Mozambique, the reported number of women receiving antenatal care (ANC) and antiretroviral therapy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) has exceeded the Spectrum-estimated number of pregnant women since 2017. In some provinces, reported HIV prevalence in pregnant women has declined faster than epidemiologically plausible. We hypothesized that these issues are linked and caused by programmatic overenumeration of HIV-negative pregnant women at ANC. We triangulated program-reported ANC client numbers with survey-based fertility estimates and facility birth data adjusted for the proportion of facility births. We used survey-reported ANC attendance to produce adjusted time series of HIV prevalence in pregnant women, adjusted for hypothesized program double counting. We calibrated the Spectrum HIV estimation models to adjusted HIV prevalence data to produce adjusted adult and pediatric HIV estimates. ANC client numbers were not consistent with facility birth data or modeled population estimates indicating ANC data quality issues in all provinces. Adjusted provincial ANC HIV prevalence in 2021 was median 45% [interquartile range 35%-52% or 2.3 percentage points (interquartile range 2.5-3.5)] higher than reported HIV prevalence. In 2021, calibrating to adjusted antenatal HIV prevalence lowered PMTCT coverage to less than 100% in most provinces and increased the modeled number of new child infections by 35%. The adjusted results better reconciled adult and pediatric antiretroviral treatment coverage and antenatal HIV prevalence with regional fertility estimates. Adjusting HIV prevalence in pregnant women using nationally representative household survey data on ANC attendance produced estimates more consistent with surveillance data. The number of children living with HIV in Mozambique has been substantially underestimated because of biased routine ANC prevalence. Renewed focus on HIV surveillance among pregnant women would improve PMTCT coverage and pediatric HIV estimates.

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the current recommendations for choline intake by pregnant women, estimate the overall prevalence of pregnant women with adequate choline intake, and explore associations between maternal choline level and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Choline recommendations for pregnant women were assessed from eight nutrient guidelines of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Asia, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and World Health Organization. Data on the prevalence of pregnant women with adequate choline intake and the association between maternal choline level and APOs were collected from 5 databases up to May 2023. Meta-analyses with random effects and subgroup analyses were performed for the pooled estimate of prevalence and association. Five recent nutrition guidelines from the United States (United States Department of Agriculture), United States (Food and Drug Administration), Canada, Australia, and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics have emphasized the importance of adequate choline intake for pregnant women. Of 27 publications, 19 articles explored the prevalence and 8 articles explored the association. Meta-analysis of 12 prevalence studies revealed a concerning 11.24% (95% confidence interval, 6.34-17.26) prevalence of pregnant women with adequate choline intake recommendations. A meta-analysis of 6 studies indicated a significant association between high maternal choline levels and a reduced risk of developing APOs, with an odds ratio of 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.65). The existing guidelines highlight the importance of choline in supporting maternal health and fetal development during pregnancy. Furthermore, a high maternal choline level was likely to be associated with a lower risk of APOs. However, 88.76% of pregnant women do not achieve the optimal choline intake. Therefore, specific policies and actions may be necessary to improve choline intake in pregnant women's care and support the well-being of pregnant women. PROSPERO registration no. CDR42023410561.

About a third of women have urinary incontinence and up to a tenth have faecal incontinence after childbirth. Pelvic floor muscle training is commonly recommended during pregnancy and after birth both for prevention and treatment of incontinence.To determine the effect of pelvic floor muscle training compared to usual antenatal and postnatal care on incontinence.We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Register (searched 24 April 2008) and the references of relevant articles.Randomised or quasi-randomised trials in pregnant or postnatal women. One arm of the trials needed to include pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). Another arm was either no pelvic floor muscle training or usual antenatal or postnatal care. The pelvic floor muscle training programmes were divided into either: intensive; or unspecified if training elements were lacking or information was not provided. Reasons for classifying as intensive included one to one instruction, checking for correct contraction, continued supervision of training, or choice of an exercise programme with sufficient exercise dose to strengthen muscle.Trials were independently assessed for eligibility and methodological quality. Data were extracted then cross checked. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Data were processed as described in the Cochrane Handbook. Three different populations of women were considered separately: women dry at randomisation (prevention); women wet at randomisation (treatment); and a population-based approach in women who might be one or the other (prevention or treatment). Trials were further divided into: those which started during pregnancy (antenatal); and after delivery (postnatal).Sixteen trials met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen studies involving 6181 women (3040 PFMT, 3141 controls) contributed to the analysis. Based on the trial reports, four trials appeared to be at low risk of bias, two at low to moderate risk, and the remainder at moderate risk of bias.Pregnant women without prior urinary incontinence who were randomised to intensive antenatal PFMT were less likely than women randomised to no PFMT or usual antenatal care to report urinary incontinence in late pregnancy (about 56% less; RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.65) and up to six months postpartum (about 30% less; RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.97).Postnatal women with persistent urinary incontinence three months after delivery and who received PFMT were less likely than women who did not receive treatment or received usual postnatal care (about 20% less; RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.90) to report urinary incontinence 12 months after delivery. It seemed that the more intensive the programme the greater the treatment effect. Faecal incontinence was also reduced at 12 months after delivery: women receiving PFMT were about half as likely to report faecal incontinence (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.87).Based on the trial data to date, the extent to which population-based approaches to PFMT are effective is less clear (that is, offering advice on PFMT to all pregnant or postpartum women whether they have incontinence symptoms or not). It is possible that population-based approaches might be effective when the intervention is intensive enough.There was not enough evidence about long-term effects for either urinary or faecal incontinence.There is some evidence that PFMT in women having their first baby can prevent urinary incontinence in late pregnancy and postpartum. In common with older women with stress incontinence, there is support for the widespread recommendation that PFMT is an appropriate treatment for women with persistent postpartum urinary incontinence. It is possible that the effects of PFMT might be greater with targeted rather than population-based approaches and in certain groups of women (for example primiparous women; women who had bladder neck hypermobility in early pregnancy, a large baby, or a forceps delivery). These and other uncertainties, particularly long-term effectiveness, require further testing.

Anemia is a serious global public health problem that primarily affects children, girls and adolescent women who are menstruating, as well as pregnant and postpartum women. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in the world is estimated at 37%. Based on the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of pregnant women with anemia was 48.9%. According to data from the Lampung Provincial Health Office in 2022, pregnant women experience anemia with a presentation showing a figure of 5.5%. While in Metro City, the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is 11.4% with the highest anemia at the Ganjar Agung Health Center, Metro City with a percentage of 29.7%. This type of research is quantitative research with a Cross Sectional design. Data collection by looking at medical records. the number of samples needed in this study is 53 respondents. The sampling technique used in this study is simple random sampling. Data analysis uses bivariate analysis with the chi square test at α = 0.05. The results of the Chi Square test analysis of pregnancy spacing with the incidence of anemia were obtained (p-value 0.001) meaning that there is a significant relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of anemia, the results of the parity test with the incidence of anemia were obtained (p-value 0.282) meaning that there is no significant relationship between parity and the incidence of anemia. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between pregnancy spacing and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in the third trimester. There is no significant relationship between parity and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in the third trimester. Researchers expect health workers and Posyandu Cadres to be able to improve Ante Natal Care, one of which is Hb examination and provision of Fe tablets for pregnant women. Conducting education on safe pregnancy spacing and childbirth.

Globally, pregnant women are the population group most vulnerable to anemia. In 2019, the prevalence of pregnant women with anemia worldwide reached 37%. Word Bank Development Data, shows that Indonesia is one of the countries that has experienced an increase in the prevalence of pregnant women with anemia every year since 2010 by 40% to 44% in 2019. This condition of the high prevalence of anemia in pregnant women requires special attention from various parties, because iron anemia in pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death due to postpartum hemorrhage. The aim of this community service activity is to increase knowledge about preventing anemia in pregnant women at the Cipondoh Community Health Center. The activity was carried out on Thursday 14 March 2024, at the Cipondoh Community Health Center, Tangerang City, which was attended by 15 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. The method used was counseling and questions and answers using flip-sheet leaflets about anemia in pregnancy. After the counseling is carried out, participants can understand about anemia in pregnant women, its causes, impacts and how to prevent it. Educational activities to prevent anemia for pregnant women need to continue to be carried out to increase knowledge and pay special attention to health problems during pregnancy.

Continence Care Literature Review 2012