Abstract
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) functions as a probiotic in animals, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to evaluate the protective effects and definite mechanism by which orally administered B. cereus prevents D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced liver injury in rats. Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats were equally assigned into three groups (N = 7 animals per group). B. cereus ATCC11778 (2 × 109 colony-forming units/ml) was administered to the B. cereus group via gavage, and phosphate-buffered saline was administered to the positive control (PC) and negative control (NC) groups for 2 weeks. The PC and B. cereus groups received 1.1 g/kg D-GalN via an intraperitoneal injection to induce liver injury. The blood, terminal ileum, liver, kidney and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected for histological examinations and to evaluate bacterial translocation. Liver function was also determined. Fecal samples were collected for deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA on an Illumina MiSeq platform. B. cereus significantly attenuated D-GalN-induced liver injury and improved serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum cholinesterase levels (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). B. cereus modulated cytokine secretion, as indicated by the elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in both the liver and plasma (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and the substantially decreased levels of the cytokine IL-13 in the liver (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with B. cereus attenuated anoxygenic bacterial translocation in the veins (P < 0.05) and liver (P < 0.05) and upregulated the expression of the tight junction protein 1. The gut microbiota from the B. cereus group clustered separately from that of the PC group, with an increase in species of the Ruminococcaceae and Peptococcaceae families and a decrease in those of the Parabacteroides, Paraprevotella, and Desulfovibrio families. The potential probiotic B. cereus attenuated liver injury by restoring the gut flora balance and enhancing the intestinal barrier function.
Highlights
Most strains characterized as lactic acid bacteria, including Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Enterococcus sp., are proposed to function as probiotics according to the following definition: “living microorganisms exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition” (Ljungh and Wadstrom, 2006)
This study aims to explore the protective effect of pretreatment with B. cereus on hepatic damage induced by D-GalN in rats and the underlying mechanisms
Significant differences in ALT and cholinesterase levels were observed between the B. cereus group and the negative control (NC) group (P < 0.01 for each)
Summary
Most strains characterized as lactic acid bacteria, including Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Enterococcus sp., are proposed to function as probiotics according to the following definition: “living microorganisms exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition” (Ljungh and Wadstrom, 2006).Numerous Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) subspecies have been used as probiotics in animals, including B. cereus (2), B. cereus var. toyoi (ToyocerinÔ, Rubinum, Rubí, Spain), and B. cereus IP 5832 Numerous Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) subspecies have been used as probiotics in animals, including B. cereus (2), B. cereus var. The beneficial effects of probiotic B. cereus strains used as feed supplements on the health of animals are generally acknowledged (Altmeyer et al, 2014). A number of probiotic food supplements and therapeutic products containing or consisting of Bacillus strains/species have been available for human consumption during the past 2 decades (Hatziloukas and Panopoulos, 1992). Some Bacillus species have been explored for use as pharmaceutical preparations or probiotics for humans, such as Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, and B. cereus (Urdaci et al, 2004). B. cereus, whose national medicine permission number (NMPN) is s10980014, has already been licensed as a probiotic in China
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