Abstract
This book is one of the books that deals with a very important topic, which is the balance between constitutional institutions in presidential and semi-presidential systems - and what is meant by the latter is mixed systems - and the author started in the introduction to this book by emphasizing the agreement of jurists that the state has three pillars: the people, Territory, authority, and political power are vested in the head of state, his deputy, and his assistants in the presidential system, and the head of state, the cabinet, and ministers in the semi-presidential system (the mixed system). And the author indicated that the presidential system appeared in the late eighteenth century in the Constitution of the United States of America, specifically in 1789, and the most important characteristic of the presidential system: (unilateral executive power (institution), the election of the head of state by the people, relative separation between institutions and balance between them, and the absence of mutual influence between institutions).
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