Abstract
Jellyfish stings are a common issue globally, particularly in coastal areas in the summer. Victims can suffer pain, itching, swelling, shock, and even death. Usually, hot water, vinegar, or alumen is used to treat the normal symptoms of a jellyfish sting. However, a specific antivenom may be an effective treatment to deal with severe jellyfish stings. Cyanea nozakii often reach a diameter of 60 cm and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of stings per year in coastal Chinese waters. However, there has been no specific C. nozakii antivenom until now, and so the development of this antivenom is very important. Herein, we collected C. nozakii antisera from tentacle extract venom immunized rabbits and purified the immunoglobulin (IgG) fraction antivenom (AntiCnTXs). Subsequently, two complete procedures to produce a refined F(ab’)2 type of antivenom (F(ab’)2-AntiCnTXs) and Fab type of antivenom (Fab-AntiCnTXs) by multiple optimizations and purification were established. The neutralization efficacy of these three types of antivenoms was compared and analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the results showed that all types of antibodies displayed some neutralization effect on the lethality of C. nozakii venom toxins, with the neutralization efficacy as follows: F(ab’)2-AntiCnTXs ≥ AntiCnTXs > Fab-AntiCnTXs. This study describes the preparation of novel C. nozakii jellyfish antivenom preparations towards the goal of developing a new, effective treatment for jellyfish stings.
Highlights
Venomous animal bites or stings pose a major threat to human beings
AntiCnTXs can bind to the resin and are eluted with elution buffer B
A C. nozakii jellyfish antivenom was prepared in rabbits and refined AntiCnTXs into F(ab’)2 -AntiCnTXs by pepsin and fragment of antigen-binding domain (Fab)-AntiCnTXs by papain, respectively
Summary
Venomous animal bites or stings pose a major threat to human beings. Snake bites, spider stings, scorpion stings, jellyfish stings, etc. cause many deaths every year [1].Jellyfish stings are a common issue globally in coastal areas in the summer. A hot water compress, vinegar, alumen solution, or seawater rinsing are used as first aid to alleviate pain or prevent further discharge of the unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin in the case of a mild jellyfish sting. Some treatments, such as seawater rinsing, have been proven to increase the venom load [4,5,6]. Cyanea nozakii jellyfish often reach a diameter of 60 cm and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of stings per year in coastal Chinese waters. The development of a C. nozakii antivenom is urgent
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