Abstract
BackgroundNewcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by pathogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Live NDV vaccines are administered by drinking water, eyedrops or coarse aerosol spray. To further enhance mucosal immune responses, chitosan nanoparticles were developed for the mucosal delivery of a live NDV vaccine.Methodology/Principal FindingsA lentogenic live-virus vaccine (strain LaSota) against NDV encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles were developed using an ionic crosslinking method. Chitosan nanoparticles containing the lentogenic live-virus vaccine against NDV (NDV-CS-NPs) were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 371.1 nm, an encapsulation rate of 77% and a zeta potential of +2.84 mV. The Western blotting analysis showed that NDV structural proteins were detected in NDV-CS-NPs. The virus release assay results of NDV-CS-NPs indicated that NDV was released from NDV-CS-NPs. Chickens immunized orally or intranasally with NDV-CS-NPs were fully protected whereas one out of five chickens immunized with the LaSota live NDV vaccine and three out of five chickens immunized with the inactivated NDV vaccine were dead after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9.Conclusions/SignificanceNDV-CS-NPs induced better protection of immunized specific pathogen free chickens compared to the live NDV vaccine strain LaSota and the inactivated NDV vaccine. This study lays a foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.
Highlights
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry that is characterized by respiratory, nervous, enteric, and reproductive infections
The optimal combination for Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-CS-NPs was a chitosan concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, a TPP concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and a NDV/CS ratio of 1:2 (Table 1)
To enhance mucosal immune responses against NDV, we developed a novel mucosal delivery system for live virus vaccines based on chitosan nanoparticles (NDV-CS-NPs) in this study
Summary
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry that is characterized by respiratory, nervous, enteric, and reproductive infections. Live-virus vaccines for ND may be administered by drinking water, aerosol or eyedrops. The most efficient mucosal immune responses are generated when vaccines are administered mucosally, the majority of vaccines are administered parenterally [4]. This type of vaccines must be used at a high dosage with adjuvants, which increases the cost of vaccination. Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by pathogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Live NDV vaccines are administered by drinking water, eyedrops or coarse aerosol spray. To further enhance mucosal immune responses, chitosan nanoparticles were developed for the mucosal delivery of a live NDV vaccine
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