Abstract

This study explores the development of a novel alkali-activated cementitious material (APKC) using Pisha sandstone and slag as the main raw materials, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional cement. The APKC's flowability and mechanical properties are comparable to those of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), but it is significantly more cost-effective, with lower carbon emissions and energy consumption. Specifically, at a water-to-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.3, with an optimal activator content of 17.5 % and a Pisha sandstone-to-slag ratio of 1:1, APKC achieves excellent performance: a flowability of 195 mm, and 28-day compressive and flexural strengths of 59.1 MPa and 9.96 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the production of one ton of APKC reduces costs to 64.01 %, carbon emissions to 22.76 %, and energy consumption to 28.56 % of those associated with one ton of OPC, highlighting its potential as a viable replacement in engineering applications. The primary hydration products of APKC include hydrotalcite, C,N-A-S-H gels, C-S-H gels, and natrolines. It is crucial to maintain the alkali activator content and Pisha sandstone-to-slag ratio within optimal ranges, as insufficient alkali dosage or an excessive Pisha sandstone-to-slag ratio can diminish the mechanical properties by reducing hydration product content. Conversely, too much alkali activator can lead to high-porosity hydration products due to the dissolution of Al in C,N-A-S-H gels.

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