Abstract
Bone loss rapidly increases 6 months post tooth extraction, which causes the atrophy of the alveolar bone. Two kinds of biomaterials which can stimulate bone regeneration are bioceramics and polymers. Making a composite of biomaterials results in better physical and biomolecular characteristics in comparison with a bioceramic or a polymer alone. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) are one of the bioceramics commonly used for bone regeneration; they can degrade faster than hydroxyapatite (HA) microparticles, but have an insufficient pore size. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) are polymers which have been used for biomedical applications. However, PLGA alone has insufficient cell attachment and PVA alone slowly degrades in the bone tissue. The aim of the present study was to analyze the biodegradation properties of the HANP/PLGA/PVA composites and investigate the pore size. The HANP/PLGA/PVA composites were prepared using the freeze-drying method, with 20% (w/w) of HANP and 20% (w/w) of PLGA. Morphology and the pore size were determined by means of the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. Biodegradation properties were determined by calculating water uptake and water loss for 1, 3 and 6 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed based on the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05. The HANP/PLGA/PVA composites had the greatest mean pore size and a rougher surface than others (176.00 ±61.93 μm; p < 0.05). Moreover, the HANP/PLGA/PVA composites had the greatest water uptake, significantly in the 3rd (730.46%; p < 0.05) and 6th weeks (731.07%; p < 0.05), and water loss in the 6th week (67.69%; p < 0.05). The HANP/PLGA/PVA composites have optimal pore size, morphology and degradability, which shows their high potential as an effective bone scaffold to repair the alveolar defect post tooth extraction.
Highlights
Tooth extraction is one of the most common kinds of dental treatment in developing countries.[1,2] A total of 944 tooth extraction procedures were performed in 450 patients throughout the year 2014 at Jember Dental Hospital, Indonesia, indicating that each patient was subjected to tooth extraction treatment at least twice a year, on average.[3]
The Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs)/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites have optimal pore size, morphology and degradability, which shows their high potential as an effective bone scaffold to repair the alveolar defect post tooth extraction
The present study focused on the development of the HANP/PLGA/PVA composites by using the freeze-drying method
Summary
Tooth extraction is one of the most common kinds of dental treatment in developing countries.[1,2] A total of 944 tooth extraction procedures were performed in 450 patients throughout the year 2014 at Jember Dental Hospital, Indonesia, indicating that each patient was subjected to tooth extraction treatment at least twice a year, on average.[3]. Tooth extraction is one of the most common kinds of dental treatment in developing countries.[1,2]. Tooth extraction may negatively impact the alveolar bone, which can result in the atrophy of the alveolar bone, the collapse of the soft tissue, and a short and narrow alveolar ridge.[4–7]. The alveolar bone obviously will lose its function and rapidly disappear in the first 6 months post-extraction.[4]. It is important to develop biomaterials which could stimulate bone regeneration and prevent bone loss, or for alveolar preservation. Bone loss rapidly increases 6 months post tooth extraction, which causes the atrophy of the alveolar bone. Two kinds of biomaterials which can stimulate bone regeneration are bioceramics and polymers. PLGA alone has insufficient cell attachment and PVA alone slowly degrades in the bone tissue
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