PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS USING ANTENATAL ULTRASOUND

Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence and causes of neural tube defects (NTDs) using antenatal ultrasound and clinical history. Introduction: NTDs are common congenital malformations affecting the central nervous system, with maternal folic acid deficiency being a key risk factor. NTDs are classified as open or closed, with open spina bifida being the most common compatible with life. Methods: The study included 2730 antenatal patients. Excluded were those with prior NTD diagnoses. Results: Twenty-two cases of NTDs were identified (prevalence: 0.80%). The most common types were anencephaly (63.6%), open spina bifida (13.6%), encephalocele (9.09%), and myelomeningocele (9.09%). Key risk factors included non-use of folic acid (50%) and a history of congenital anomalies (18%). Discussion: NTDs arise from failed neural tube closure, affecting brain and spinal cord development. Early detection via ultrasound, fetal MRI, and maternal screening can improve diagnosis. In cases compatible with life, further renal and neurological evaluations are recommended. Conclusion: Antenatal ultrasound is essential for diagnosing NTDs, with MRI used for confirmation. Prevalence in this study was 0.80%, and anencephaly was the most common defect. Folic acid supplementation is critical for reducing NTD incidence.