Preliminary Development and Construct Validity of the Self-Evaluation Based on Body Image Scale (SEBI) That Can Be Used With Canadian Adults in Outpatient Community Mental Health Settings

Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities

The first aim of the study is to clarify the associations between intuitive eating, self-esteem, physical appearance and psychological distress; and second, to assess the mediating effect of psychological distress on the relationship between self-esteem/physical appearance comparison and intuitive eating. A total of 359 Lebanese participants from several Lebanese governorates were enrolled in this cross-sectional study between September and November 2022. The data was collected through an online questionnaire that included the following scales: Intuitive Eating Scale‑2, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Physical Appearance Comparison Scale. The results of the mediation analysis showed that depression partially mediated the association between self-esteem / physical appearance comparison and intuitive eating. Higher self-esteem was significantly associated with lower depression; higher depression was significantly associated with more intuitive eating. Also, higher self-esteem was directly and significantly associated with more intuitive eating. On another hand, higher physical appearance comparison was significantly associated with higher depression; higher depression was significantly associated with more intuitive eating. Finally, higher physical appearance comparison was directly and significantly associated with less intuitive eating. The current study shows how significantly intuitive eating, an adaptive eating pattern, and psychological variables are interrelated and possibly affect each other. It helps shed light on intuitive eating, a somewhat unfamiliar eating pattern within the Lebanese population. These findings allow practitioners to promote healthy eating behaviors and psychological health by educating and guiding patients and clients about intuitive eating.

The development and validation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R)

Siblings’ appearance-related commentary, body dissatisfaction, and risky eating behaviors in young women

This study examined the outcome of a body image and disordered eating intervention for midlife women. The intervention was specifically designed to address risk factors that are pertinent in midlife. Participants were 61 women aged 30 to 60 years (M = 43.92, SD = 8.22) randomly assigned to intervention (n = 32) or (delayed treatment) control (n = 29) groups. Following an 8-session facilitated group cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention, outcomes from the Body Shape Questionnaire; Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire; Physical Appearance Comparison Scale; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale, Internalization subscale; measures of appearance importance, cognitive reappraisal, and self-care; Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire; and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were compared for statistical and clinical significance from baseline to posttest and 6-month follow-up. Following the intent-to-treat principle, mixed-model analyses with a mixed within-between design demonstrated that the intervention group had large improvements that were statistically significantly different from the control group in body image, disordered eating, and risk factor variables and that were maintained at 6-month follow-up. Furthermore, the improvements were also of clinical importance. This study provides support for the efficacy of an intervention to reduce body image and eating concerns in midlife women. Further research into interventions tailored for this population is warranted.

Previous research has shown that those with a high level of perfectionism are more prone to the negative effects of body image exposure on self-evaluation. However, the negative effects of physical appearance, an area where individuals may present perfectionism, have not been studied well. This study aims to understand the relationships between the constructs of perfectionism, appearance comparisons, and body dissatisfaction with disordered eating behavior. The current study examined the association between the two sub-dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism scale (i.e., worry about imperfection and hope for perfection) and disordered eating behavior in young Chinese gay men. A total of 234 respondents were selected by convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Four questionnaires were administered (i.e., Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, Eating Attitude Test, Physical Appearance Comparison Scale, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Evaluation Subscale). The results indicated that 34% of gay men in the sample met criteria for elevated risk of eating disorders, multiple regression analysis found that worry about imperfections had a direct effect on disordered eating behavior in young Chinese gay men, whereas hope for perfection did not show a significant direct effect on disordered eating behavior. The two sub-dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism have an indirect effect on disordered eating behavior, mediated by physical appearance comparison. However, the results showed that worry about imperfection and hope for perfection did not have an indirect effect on disordered eating behavior with body dissatisfaction as mediators.

Aim of the Study: People usually become dissatisfied with their body image when they try to conform to the beauty standards set by the society. The current study was carried out to describe the moderating role of social comparison between body surveillance and body dissatisfaction in young Pakistani females. Methodology: A total of 400 female respondents aged 16-30 years took part in the research from districts of Hazara division, Pakistan. Previously validated scales: the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale- Revised, Objectified Body Consciousness Scale and Body Satisfaction Scale were used for assessing levels of social comparison, body surveillance and dissatisfaction with body, respectively. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to test the relationship between social comparison, body surveillance, and dissatisfaction with body and to find out moderating role of social comparison between body surveillance and body dissatisfaction. Independent t-test and analysis of variance were performed to compare the body mass index (BMI) scores and self-perceived body structure on these variables. Findings and Conclusion: Social comparison was found to be significantly associated with body surveillance and body dissatisfaction in positive direction. Social comparison was found to act as a significant moderator between body surveillance and body dissatisfaction. Statistically significant differences were found among average weight and over-weight females and levels of self- perceived body structure on the measures of social comparison, body surveillance and dissatisfaction of body. Study Implications: The findings have implications for parents, teachers and health professionals to support young females in understanding and overcoming the challenges related to their body image, which may also lead to eating disorders.

The article concerns the results of approbation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised, PACS-R (Schaefer, Thompson, 2014), for Russian-speaking population. The Russian version of the PACS-R was administered to 579 Russian males and females. To check the convergent validity, the measures of social comparison orientation and body image were used. Satisfactory psychometric characteristics, in particular, high internal consistency of the scale and test-retest reliability were shown. Meaningful significant correlations of the PACS-R with measuresof self-esteem, and three factors of the Big Five questionnaire were obtained. Overall, the results indicate that the Russian version of the PACS-R scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing appearance comparison tendencies in Russian population.

IntroductionThe PACS scale is a tool which is widely used in foreign studies to evaluate the tendency towards appearance comparisons in social situations. People inclined to make such comparisons reveal a higher level of dissatisfaction with their body and a higher inclination towards problem eating.Purpose of the studyThe main purpose of the study was to adapt the PACS scale. A factor structure assessment and reliability analysis of the Polish version was carried out. The correlation between PACS and pubertal development indicators, the body mass index and psycho-social factors and eating behaviours were evaluated as part of the validity analysis.Material and methodsThe data were derived from the Internet-based study of problem eating behaviours conducted by the Institute of Mother and Child during the 2014/2015 school year. The analyses covered 1285 second grade upper secondary school students (47.2% boys). The mean age was 17.59 years (SD=0.39). An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the PACS questionnaire was performed. Using the Kruskal-Wallis test or the Pearson’s r correlation, the association between (PACS-PL) and perceived pubertal timing, BMI, the body image (BIS), self-perception of body mass, self-esteem (RSES), self-esteem in social relations (SPPA-SSE), problem eating behaviours (TFEQ-13) were evaluated. The linear regression method was used to estimate the impact of PACS-PL on selected variables in the BMI groups in order to investigate of the moderation effect.ResultsThe shortened 3-item Polish version of the scale (PACS-PL) was considered optimal. It is characterized by high reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.868), and the main factor explains 79.1% of the variance of the scale results. The model also shows high values of fit indicators: χ2 = 1.144 (df=1, p=0.285), GFI=0.999, AGFI=0.996, CFI= 1.000, NFI=0.999, TLI- 1.000, RMSEA=0.011. Girls display a stronger tendency to compare their appearance with others. The PACS-PL scale demonstrates the expected correlations with developmental, psycho-social and behavioural factors, this correlation being stronger among girls. It was also shown that the PACS-PL index is a stronger predictor of dissatisfaction with the body and lower self-esteem in the group of obese adolescents.ConclusionsThe Polish version of the scale, PACS-PL, is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating the tendency to compare one’s appearance with others in late adolescence. The subject of social comparison ought to become an element of prevention activities associated with acceptance of one’s body and self-esteem, especially among young people with excess body weight.

Young adults are prone to concerns about being evaluated as society places a heightened emphasis on appearance comparison. Frequency in anticipating how the bodies are being perceived in societal situations can increase body image concerns and anxiety. The purpose is to investigate the relationship between appearance comparison, social physique anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and personality traits among adults. 201 adults between the ages of 18 and 29 participated in the research. Participants were administered an upward and downward physical appearance comparison scale, a brief big5 personality inventory, a social physique anxiety Scale, and a brief fear of negative evaluation scale. A Pearson correlation study showed that social physique anxiety correlated negatively with agreeableness and positively with fear of negative evaluation, upward and downward appearance comparison, and upward appearance comparison. Multiple regression analysis was computed considering upward appearance comparison, agreeableness and fear of negative evaluation predicting social physique anxiety and downward appearance comparison, agreeableness and fear of negative evaluation predicting social physique anxiety. Findings of study revealed that fear of negative evaluation strongly predicted social physique anxiety and appearance comparison moderately predicted social physique anxiety. These findings imply that it is important to promote healthy social interactions and the development of positive body image.

Purpose: Nutrition and dietetics students are reported to be at higher risk for eating disorders than the general population. This study aims to determine the relationship between the comparison of physical appearance on social media and social appearance anxiety with the risk of eating disorders among nutrition and dietetics students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 nutrition and dietetics students (mean age: 22.6±4.7 years) using an online survey between January and March 2023 at a public university in Türkiye. The Social Media Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (SM-PACS) and the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) were administered. The risk of eating disorders was determined with the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using self-reported weight (kg) and height (cm). Results: Higher SM-PACS and SAAS scores were associated with higher odds of being at risk for disordered eating according to EAT-26 (p

Beauty standard that apply in the society make teenager feel dissatifaction about the body shape. Late adolescene doing social comparison for evaluation appearance purpose. The purpose of this research was determine the influence of social comparison on body dissatisfaction. This research is a quantitative nonexperimental regression form. The subject of this research amounted to 155 late adolescene females with age range of 18 – 21 years, weight minimal 50 kg and height maximal 160 cm. The scale of social comparison is Physical Appearance Comparison Scale – Revisied (PACS–R) will be developed by reasearchers and scale of body dissatisfaction is Multidimensional Body Self Relation Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) will be developed by researchers. The results of a simple regression analyse is the coefficient of determination (r2 ) 0.315 and sig (p) 0,000. (p < 0,05). Tthe correlation coefficient (r) 0,561 which means there is an influence of social comparison and body dissatisfaction 31,5 %

Physical Appearance Comparison Scale--Revised; Spanish Version

Beauty standard that apply in the society make teenager feel dissatifaction about the body shape. Late adolescene doing social comparison for evaluation appearance purpose. The purpose of this research was determine the influence of social comparison on body dissatisfaction. This research is a quantitative nonexperimental regression form. The subject of this research amounted to 155 late adolescene females with age range of 18 – 21 years, weight minimal 50 kg and height maximal 160 cm. The scale of social comparison is Physical Appearance Comparison Scale – Revisied (PACS–R) will be developed by reasearchers and scale of body dissatisfaction is Multidimensional Body Self Relation Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) will be developed by researchers. The results of a simple regression analyse is the coefficient of determination (r2 ) 0.315 and sig (p) 0,000. (p &lt; 0,05). Tthe correlation coefficient (r) 0,561 which means there is an influence of social comparison and body dissatisfaction 31,5 %

Physical Appearance Comparison Scale--Revised