Preference for Components of a Horticultural Therapy Program for Alleviating Job Stress Among Secondary School Teachers

BackgroundCommunity pharmacists have an important role in ensuring safe and effective use of medicines. However, poor job satisfaction and high stress levels may negatively affect job performance.AimThis study evaluated job satisfaction and job stress levels, and associated factors, among community pharmacists in Klang Valley, Malaysia.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted to assess job satisfaction and stress among community pharmacists. A sample of 286 respondents was selected using stratified‐random clustered sampling. Levels of and factors affecting job satisfaction and stress, as reported by community pharmacists, were analysed.ResultsThere was a moderate level of job satisfaction among pharmacists (mean (±SD) score 3.39 ± 0.42; range 1–5). Job characteristics that provided the highest satisfaction were work environment and interpersonal relationships with coworkers. Stress levels among pharmacists were below the scale mid‐point (mean (±SD) score 1.86 ± 0.44; range 1–4). Responsibility for patient care was perceived to contribute most to job stress. Ethnicity (p = 0.026) and average number of prescriptions filled daily (p = 0.016) significantly affected job satisfaction, whereas job stress was significantly affected by age (p < 0.001), years of experience (p = 0.003) and number of working hours/week (p = 0.003).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the effects of various demographic and job‐related variables on community pharmacists’ job satisfaction and stress. Further research is required to gain a better understanding of factors affecting job satisfaction and stress among pharmacists across Malaysia, and their effects on professional practice and patient care.

This study was conducted to investigate the levels of psychosocial stress, job stress and their related factors among medical doctors practicing at local clinics. A survey using a self administered questionnaire was administered to 1,456 doctors practicing at private clinics via post for 2 months (2006. 1 - 2006. 3). Psychosocial stress, job stress,demographic factors, job related factors and health related behaviors were investigated. Among the eligible study population, the respondents were 428 doctors (29.4%). The average scores of psychosocial stress and job stress were 2.19 and 3.13, respectively. The levels of psychosocial stress and job stress were statistically lower in older respondents, those who worked shorter or who were more satisfied with their job, and those with higher socioeconomic status. The level of psychosocial stress was related with smoking status, drinking status and exercise. The level of job stress was related with smoking status and exercise. In multiple linear regression analysis using psychosocial stress as a dependent variable, age, working hours per day, job satisfaction and perception on socioeconomic status were significant independent variables. In analysis using job stress as a dependent variable, age, working hours per day and job satisfaction were significant independent variables. Stress affects the doctor-patient relationship, productivity and overall health level of people. Therefore, it is important to manage and relieve the stress of doctors. It is suggested that more advanced studies on stress level and related factors and ways to improve the stress and health related behaviors of medical doctors should be conducted.

The study investigates the job stress of secondary school teachers. The sample of 100 secondary school teachers from Mysore city were selected by stratified random sampling technique and considering the independent variable namely gender, length of experience and type of schools. Teachers job stress was assessed with the help of ‘Indore Teachers Job Stress Scale’ developed by Dr. Mrs. Meena Buddhisagar Rathod and Dr. Madhulika Varma (2005). The descriptive survey method was adopted for the study. The data, obtained was analysed using t-test and one-way ANOVA. Findings of the study were; 1.86% possess an average level of job stress, 10% possess low level of job stress and only 4% of teachers possess high level of job stress. There is no significant difference between government, private-aided and private-unaided school teachers with respect to their job stress. There is no significant difference between male and female teachers with respect to their job stress. There is no significant difference between high and low experienced teachers with respect to their job stress.

The objective of this study was to assess the physical and psychological effects of an 18-session horticultural therapy (HT) program based on task-oriented training in stroke patients and investigate patient satisfaction. The HT program consisted of horticultural activities including the motions such as reaching–grasping, squatting, stepping, and stooping. A total of 31 stroke inpatients (16 males, 15 females) at B rehabilitation hospital in Seongnam, South Korea, participated in this study. Fourteen stroke patients participated in a thrice weekly HT program (6 weeks, ≈60 minutes per session) between Aug. and Sept. 2016, whereas another 17 stoke patients comprised the control group. At the completion of the 18-session HT program, upper limb function [manual function test (MFT)], grip strength (hydraulic hand dynamometer), pinch force (hydraulic pinch gauge), fine motor skills (9-hole pegboard), balance [Berg Balance Scale (BBS)], and activities of daily living (Modified Barthel Index) were evaluated in both groups. In addition, depression [The Korean version of the short form of Geriatric Depression Scales (SGDS-K)], rehabilitation stress (Rehabilitation Stress Scales), rehabilitation motivation (Rehabilitation Motivation Scales), and fall efficacy (The Korean version of the Falls Efficacy Scale) were evaluated. Stroke patients in the HT group showed significantly improved upper limb function, hand force, balance, fall efficacy, activities of daily living, and decreased depression ( P < 0.05). By contrast, no significant change was noted in the control group. In addition, 85.7% of the stroke patients in the HT group reported being very satisfied or satisfied with the HT program. In conclusion, the HT program based on task-oriented training improved the patients’ physical and psychological function after stroke rehabilitation. These study results suggest that implementing an HT program in a rehabilitation hospital will effectively contribute to functional recovery after stroke.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the level of emotional labor and job stress for public health nurses. Methods: The survey was conducted from Mar. to Oct. 2010 for collection of data from public health nurses (N=195). Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test, Tukey HSD, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used in performance of data analysis. Results: Results of this study indicate that as the nurses grow older, they receive a larger salary and their emotional labor is reduced. The results of this study also demonstrate that the emotional labor is highest when their total nursing job work duration and public health nurse work duration are between six and 10 years. There is a significant difference in job stress of the two age groups between occupational roles and personal strain. This means that job stress is highest in nurses who are in their thirties and low fifties. Emotional labor showed positive correlation with occupational roles and personal strain of job stress, but showed negative correlation with personal resources. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, we suggest development of interventions to reduce emotional labor and job stress, taking into account the characteristics of age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of job stress and emotional labor on depression among call center workers. Data collection was conducted from October 2 to October 30, 2023. The subjects were 175 workers at a large IT call center located in Seoul, Korea. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. As for data analysis, differences in job stress, emotional labor, and depression were analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between job stress, emotional labor, and depression. Finally, multiple regression analysis was conducted on factors affecting depression. As a result of this study, the factors affecting call center workers' depression were the number of family members living together (t=-2.650, p=0.009), job stress (t=3.743, p<0.001), and emotional labor (t=2.064, p=0.041), (F=10.306, p<.001). In other words, the greater the number of call center workers' family members living with, the lower the level of depression, the higher job stress and the higher the emotional labor, the higher the level of depression. In conclusion, workplaces should conduct a full survey on the level of job stress and emotional labor to reduce the level of depression among call center workers. In addition, measures are needed to reduce job stress, and depending on the results, professional counseling and healing programs are needed for workers who complain of mental illness.

본 연구는 원예치료사의 직무분석과 직무수행 평가 및 미래 교육요구를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 원예치료사의 직무 분석에 적합한 방법인 데이컴 기법을 이용하여 원예치료사직무를 정리하는 데이컴 차트를 개발하였으며(연구 1), 이를 근거로 원예치료사 직무수행 평가지를 제작하여 원예치료사들의 현재 직무수행수준과 미래 요구수준을 조사하였다(연구 2). 데이컴 위원회의 데이컴 분석을 통해 원예치료사의 직무는 8개의 임무와 45개의 작업으로 분석되었다(연구 1). 분석된 결과를 임무별로 살펴보면, <A. 원예치료 실시기관을 결정한다>, <B. 원예치료 대상자를 진단 및 사정한다>, <C. 원예치료를 계획한다>, <D. 원예치료 프로그램을 개발한다>, <E. 회기별 원예치료활동의 실행을 준비한다>, <F. 회기별 원예치료 활동을 실행한다>, <G. 원예치료에 대한 종합평가를 실시한다>, <H. 원예치료사로서의 자기계발을 한다>이다. 이들 임무는 각 5-8개의 작업으로 분석되었다. 이상의 과정을 거쳐 개발된 데이컴 차트를 근거로 원예치료사 직무수행평가지를 개발하여 원예치료사들의 현재 직무수준과 미래 요구수준을 조사하였다(연구 2). 원예치료사들의 현재 직무수준과 미래 요구수준을 조사하기 위하여 개발된 평가지는 1, 2급 원예치료사 779명에게 이메일과 우편배송을 이용하여 배부되었으며, 최종으로 회수된 총 242부(31.1%)가 분석에 이용되었다. 현재 직무수행수준에 대한 1급과 2급 원예치료사들의 평가를 살펴보면, 전체 45개 작업중 32개 작업에서 1급 원예치료사들이 2급 원예치료사들보다 현재 직무수행수준을 유의하게 높게 평가하였다. 미래 요구수준 역시, 45개 작업 중 20개 작업들에 대해서 1급 원예치료사들이 2급 원예치료사들 보다 높게 평가하였다. 또한 45개의 원예치료사 작업에 대한 교육요구를 분석하기 위하여 보리치(Borich) 공식을 이용한 결과 상위 1, 2, 3순위는 <H1. 슈퍼바이저로부터 원예치료와 관련된 피드백을 받는다>, <A1. 원예치료에 대한 홍보자료를 배포한다>, <H2. 복지재단 등의 외부기관에서 사업제안서를 제출한다>로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 예비 원예치료사나 현직 원예치료사들의 직무이해와 직무개선에 도움이 될 것이며, 원예치료사를 양성하는 기관은 실무중심 교육과정 개발을 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. This study was conducted to provide a job analysis for, and assess the job performance of horticultural therapists, as well as examine future educational needs. To this end, a chart developed using the DACUM method was chosen as the appropriate tool for the job analysis of horticultural therapists (Study 1). Based on the chart, a survey using an evaluation form was produced to investigate the current level of job performance and future required level of horticultural therapists (Study 2). A total of 8 duties and 45 tasks were classified to examine job performance, based on analysis of the DACUM Council (Study 1). These duties include A. Decide execution organization for horticultural therapy (HT) program, B. Diagnose and assess clients before starting the HT program, C. Plan HT program, D. Develop HT program, E. Prepare to implement HT program for each session, F. Implement HT program for each session, G. Implement overall assessment for HT program, and H. Develop oneself as a horticultural therapist. Their duties were broken down further into five to eight tasks per duty, totaling 45 tasks. Based on the horticultural therapist job performance sheet developed through this process, an assessment of the current job level of horticultural therapists was performed and future required level were examined (Study 2). The evaluation forms were sent to 779 horticultural therapists with level 1 or 2 certification via email or mail delivery. The analysis of 242 questionnaires (31.1%) revealed that horticultural therapists with level 1 certificates have a significantly higher job performance level for 34 of the 45 tasks. Regarding future required level, 20 out of 45 tasks were assessed as higher for level 1 horticultural therapists than level 2. In addition, a Borich formula was utilized to identify the priority of educational needs for the 45 horticultural therapist tasks. The results revealed the following top three tasks: H1. Receive feedback from the supervisor for the horticultural therapy program; A1. Distribute promotional materials about the horticultural therapy program; and H2. Submit a grant proposal for horticultural therapy program to organizations such as welfare foundations. The results of this study are anticipated to facilitate understanding and improve work conditions for current horticultural therapists or horticultural therapists-in-training. In addition, institutions that train horticultural therapists will be able to use this as basic research to develop a practical training curriculum.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of horticultural therapy (HT) program based on the self-expression model for improving adjustment to military life of soldiers in military service. A total of 60 soldiers in air force located in Gyeonggi province, South Korea were participated in this study. Soldiers were randomly divided into experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=30). A HT program that consisted of a 10-session was developed for this study and was conducted from August to October of 2014. The main activities in the HT program were planting, making crafts by using plants, and flower arrangement. Feeling expression that is a part of the self-expression model was separated by three stages such as intimacy and relationship formation stage, situational awareness and emotional expression stage, and strengthen inner insight (emotional overcome) and emotion defuse stage. Moreover, the selected relevant factors such as depression, anxiety, interpersonal relationships, etc. were applied to the each session for improvement adjustment to military life of soldiers. After finishing the HT program, anxiety, depression, ego-resilience, interpersonal relationships, and adjustment to military life showed a significant improvement in experimental group except the variable, stress to military life. In the control group, there was no significant difference in the six variables after the HT program. The participants in the experimental group reported a high level of satisfaction for the HT program in the satisfaction survey. In conclusions, the HT program based on the self-expression model for improving adjustment to military life of soldiers showed significantly significant improvements. Additionally, it would be interesting to investigate the effects of HT program for improving adjustment to military life to cared soldier who is more serious problem in the military service. Keywords: anxiety, depression, ego-resilience, gardening, interpersonal relationships

Stress and fatigue are general physical aspects of our daily lives. It has been shown that physical therapists have different levels of job stress and fatigue according to the type A/B behavior patterns. This study collected data from 212 physical therapists between October 28 and November 23, 2016 using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. The study results showed the proportion of physical therapists with the Type A behavior patterns(TABP) was 18% greater than that of physical therapists with the Type B behavior patterns(TBBP). In this study, physical therapists with TABP were compared with physical therapists with TBBP. The results indicated that physical therapists with TABP were more inclined to experience higher levels of overall job stress and fatigue from the following stress factors: physical environment, job requirement, and job autonomy. Therefore, the stronger the tendency toward TABP, the stronger the feeling of job stress and fatigue from physical environment, job requirement, and job autonomy. Those with a tendency toward TBBP showed positive correlations between job requirement and the total job stress score; thus, the stronger the tendency toward TBBP, the stronger the feeling of overall job stress and fatigue from job requirement.This study suggests that it is necessary to manage the job stress and fatigue of physical therapists with both TABP and TBBP and to manage the job stress and fatigue of physical therapists with the type A behavioral pattern.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of burnout among nurses in long-term care hospitals. Methods: Data were collected from 133 nurses who worked in long-term care hospitals from January 9 to February 8, 2013. The self-report questionnaire was used to assess the level of emotional labor, job stress and burnout. The PASW Statistics 18.0 version program was used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson‘s correlation, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression. Results: The most significant predictors of burnout were emotional labor, having a hobby, life satisfaction, marital status, job stress, satisfaction with ward work and health condition. These factors explained 57.0% of the variance for burnout. Conclusion: The study results indicate that it is important to reduce emotional labor, job stress and burnout of nurse in long-term care hospitals. Job redesign, modification of shift work systems, management of health and offering burnout prevention program would help achieve this results.

Introduction: Salesmen’s job is focused on promoting a product directly to consumers. Household appliances are one of the products that is often promoted by salesmen. While carrying out marketing activities, they will always be faced with various job factors that can cause job stress. This research was conducted to analyze the correlation between job stressors and job stress levels among salesmen. Method: This research was observational research with a cross-sectional approach. Both population and samples of this research were 30 salesmen of household appliance trading in Kediri City. The sampling technique used was total sampling. Variables used in this research were job stressor including role conflict, role ambiguity, interpersonal conflict, job uncertainty, total workload, and mental demands with job stress levels. Results: The results showed that most salesmen experienced job stressors either in high, moderate or low category. Most of the salesmen experienced normal job stress level. There is relationship between job stressors consisting of role conflict (0.673), role ambiguity (0.455), interpersonal conflict (0.262), job uncertainty (0.683), total workload (0.526) and mental demands (0.859) with job stress levels on salesmen. Conclusion: An increase in job stressor conditions experienced by salesmen will be followed by an increase in job stress levels, and vice versa. Out of all, mental demands have the strongest relationship to job stress levels on salesmen. So it is necessary to make efforts to suppress existing job stressors so that an increase of job stress levels on salesmen can be prevented.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of horticultural therapy (HT) program using hydroponics on work adjustment skills of students with mental retardation. Based on the critical role transitional model and special education curriculum for agriculture, especially hydroponics, HT program (total 22 sessions) using hydroponics procedure for Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Asia Heuk Romaine’) was developed. Fourteen (10 males, 4 females) graded 1 st to 2 nd with intellectual disabilities were recruited from a special education class in a high school located in Inchon, Korea and then a special farm for hydroponics in Inchon, Korea was offered for the HT program. The students with intellectual disabilities participated in the HT program for 4-month (from September to December of 2011, twice a week, approximately 60 minutes per session). Before and after the HT program, the McCarron assessment neuromuscular development, emotional behavioral checklist, interpersonal negotiation strategies, and KEPAD picture vocational interest test were performed by the teachers and horticultural therapists. As the results, the students significantly improved motor performance (p = 0.002), emotional behavioral strategies (p = 0.00), and interpersonal negotiation strategies (p = 0.05). However, no significant difference between before and after the HT program for vocational interest was observed. In conclusion, the HT program using hydroponics, consists of simple and easy tasks so that it would be applicable for the students with intellectual disabilities positively affected to work adjustment skills by improving the motor performance, emotional behavioral strategies, and interpersonal negotiation strategies. Additionally, HT programs using hydroponics with various kinds of vegetables are required to develop and to apply in practical settings for improving work adjustment skills.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of a horticultural therapy (HT) program, based on B.F. Skinner’s behavior modification theory and special education science curriculum for Korean children with intellectual disabilities for the improvement of attention and sociality. Twenty-four participants (10 males, 14 females, in grades 1 to 3) with intellectual disabilities were recruited from a special education class at an elementary school in Seoul, South Korea. Twelve children participated in the HT program after-school for 6 months (Mar. to Aug. 2009, once per week, ≈40 min per session); the control group consisted of the remaining 12 children. Before and after the HT program, Conners’ teacher rating scales—revised and the social skills rating system assessments were conducted by parents/caregivers or teachers for each of the children. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and chi square tests were used to compare differences between the two groups. Difference in attention was not significant between groups. Children in the HT group had statistically significant higher sociality scores than those in the control group ( P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, the HT program improved the sociality of children with intellectual disabilities. To maximize the therapeutic effects of the HT program for attention, the program should be revised and supplemented based on the results in this study. A larger sample size and factoring in the level of disability and year in school of the participants would increase the precision in assessing therapeutic effects.

Community pharmacists are highly accessible for advice, as most pharmacies are open long hours and no appointment is needed. Community pharmacists, as essential community health workers, play a critical role in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the general wellbeing and work impacts of pharmacists and the factors important for adaptability and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Community pharmacists from various professional networks in Australia were invited through emails and social media posts to complete an anonymous online survey during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria, Australia. Sixty-five community pharmacists completed the online survey. The respondents reported fair levels of general wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a mean self-related health score of 33.57 (s.d.=13.19) out of a maximal of 96, despite relatively high levels of job stress and emotional labour. Lower levels of general wellbeing were correlated with higher levels of job stress (r =0.645, P <0.01) and emotional labour (r =0.513, P <0.01), and lower levels of occupational self-efficacy (r =-0.566, P <0.01). Leader member exchange was negatively correlated with job stress (r =-0.419, P <0.01) and positively correlated with psychological safety (r =0.693, P <0.01). The linear regression models showed that female pharmacists had lower occupational self-efficacy (β =-0.286, P =0.024), but higher psychological safety (β =0.234, P =0.042). Higher work ability was associated with lower job stress (β =-0.529, P <0.001), higher occupational self-efficacy (β =0.511, P =0.001), and poorer self-related health (β =-0.659, P <0.001). The findings highlight the importance of a supportive work environment in helping community pharmacists to feel psychologically safe and reduce stress during a crisis.

Swift social and economic environmental changes such as those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have led to decreased job security. Although numerous previous studies have examined the influence of job insecurity on employee perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, the link between job insecurity and negative behavior and its underlying or intermediating mechanisms remain underexplored. The significance of an organization's positive behaviors, which fall under the umbrella of corporate social responsibility (CSR), also deserves more attention. To address these gaps, we examined both the mediator and the moderator in the association between job insecurity and negative employee behavior by establishing a moderated sequential mediation model. We hypothesized that the levels of employee job stress and organizational identification sequentially mediate the relationship between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior as a representative negative behavior. We also hypothesized that CSR activities play a buffering role that moderates the influence of job insecurity on job stress. We used three-wave time-lagged data collected from 348 employees in South Korean organizations to demonstrate that job stress and organizational identification sequentially mediate the relationship between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior, and that CSR activities function as a buffering factor that decreases the influence of job insecurity on job stress. The results of this research suggest that the levels of job stress and organizational identification (as sequential mediators) as well as CSR activities (as a moderator) are underlying mechanisms in the link between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior.