Preface to Clinical Neurosurgery Volume 72, Proceedings of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2025 Annual Meeting.

The 65th Annual Meeting of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, from September 26 to 30, 2015. Volume 63 of Clinical Neurosurgery represents the official compilation of the invited scientific manuscripts from the plenary sessions, an interview with the CNS President Dr Nathan R. Selden, and biographic and bibliographic information of the Honored Guest, Dr Kim J. Burchiel. Dr Elad I. Levy served as the Annual Meeting chair and Dr Steven N. Kalkanis as the Scientific Program chair. The theme of this year's Annual Meeting was “Mentorship: Service, Education, Progress” and focused on the importance of mentorship in fostering education and service in the field of neurosurgery. The CNS was also honored and delighted to partner with the Turkish Neurosurgical Society, led by president Dr Zeki Sekerci. Dr Selden eloquently delivered the Presidential Address and discussed the importance of mentorship in fostering a culture of service and furthering education in neurosurgery, reflecting on his own mentors in training and how they affected his career. The honored guest this year was Dr Burchiel, the John Raaf Professor and now former chairman of the Department of Neurological Surgery at Oregon Health Sciences University. His series of lectures included discussion of the progress of deep brain stimulation in his talk “DBS Targets, Technology and Trials: Two Decades of Progress,” treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in his talk “Trigeminal Neuralgia: New Evidence for Origins and Surgical Treatment,” and the changing landscape of neurosurgical resident education in his talk “Neurosurgical Education: A New Paradigm for Curriculum, Core, and Subspecialty Training.” He captured the evolving field of functional neurosurgery and highlighted contributions to neurosurgical education. It has been my distinct honor and privilege to serve as editor of Clinical Neurosurgery this past year. I would like to especially thank Krista Jarrell, journal editor, Neurosurgery, from the Neurosurgery Publications Editorial Office, for her unparalleled dedication to this volume. I would also like to thank our outstanding associate editors below for their volunteer time and dedication to the critical peer review process. I would like to extend a special thank you to Dr Nelson Oyesiku, editor-in-chief, Neurosurgery Publications, for his unrelenting support and advice. I welcome Dr Russell R. Lonser as the new president of the CNS and look forward to seeing you all in San Diego in 2016.

The 2022 Annual Meeting of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons was held in San Francisco, CA, from October 8-12, 2022. Volume 69 of Clinical Neurosurgery represents the official compilation of the 2022 CNS Annual Meeting. This volume highlights invited scientific manuscripts from the plenary sessions and the 2022 CNS Presidential Address from Dr Nicholas C. Bambakidis. In addition, you will find bibliographic information on the 2022 Honored Guest, Dr Robert F. Spetzler. The annual meeting leadership team included Dr Ashok R. Asthagiri, Annual Meeting Chair; Dr Lola B. Chambless, Scientific Program Chair; and Dr Garni Barkhoudarian, Vice Scientific Program Chair. This year's meeting, themed “Neurosurgery Connected,” was embodied by the spirit of its participants. After years of meeting cancellations and/or limitations, this meeting was highly attended and had a record number of abstract submissions. International attendance additionally increased, and members from around the world were greeted and welcomed at a special reception. The CNS was thrilled to partner with The Japanese Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Neurological Society of India, and the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery. The scientific and lectureship content of this year's annual meeting were as diverse as they were connecting. We heard from the likes of military pilot, Vernice “FlyGirl” Armour, actor William Shatner, and athletes, Carl Lewis and Dee Caffari, all touching on themes of connectivity, creativity, perseverance, and leadership. All speakers had seen and explored new frontiers, many being the first of their kind to achieve such feats. Dr Warren R. Selman opened the meeting by addressing our connections to each other and trainees through mentorship. Honored guest, Dr Robert F. Spetzler, shared his vast experience in vascular neurosurgery, and his trainees from all over the world expressed their gratitude having learned from his wisdom. Not to mention, the countless podium talks, seminars, symposia, and sessions. New sessions in data science and medical education featured speakers from multiple disciplines including neurosurgeons and those working in the fields of technology. A lunch symposium focused on diversity addressed the “Changing Face of Neurosurgery,” and students from the CNS Foundation Pathways Program were welcomed to the meeting to learn about our field. This meeting embodied what it means for us to be connected as a neurosurgical community. It has been a pleasure and honor to serve as Editor of Clinical Neurosurgery this past year. I would like to thank the Congress of Neurological Surgeons staff and the staff at Neurosurgery Publications, particularly Caitlyn Trautwein, Journal Editor. I would like to extend a special thank you to Dr Douglas Kondziolka, Editor-in-Chief, Neurosurgery Publications, for all his support and dedication to this volume. I welcome Dr Alexander A. Khalessi as the new President of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons and look forward to seeing you all in Washington, DC, in 2023.

The 2025 Annual Meeting of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, held in Los Angeles, California, from October 11–15, 2025, embodied the power of human connection that defines neurosurgery. The theme, “CNS Connects,” reflected the many ways which neurosurgeons engage with one another—our shared commitment to patients, our bonds across generations of neurosurgeons, our dedication to leadership and mentorship, our pursuit of personal excellence, and our collective investment in innovation that propels our specialty forward. This year's meeting achieved record participation, with over 5000 abstracts submitted, more than 900 individual speakers, and a total attendance of 5612 – including 3708 medical attendees. These figures speak not only to the vitality of our field, but also to the enduring strength of our neurosurgical community worldwide. The 2025 scientific and educational program featured an exceptional range of perspectives. The Michael L. J. Apuzzo Lecture on Creativity and Innovation was delivered by Academy Award–winning filmmaker Spike Lee, who emphasized the value of discipline and dedication to one's craft—principles deeply resonant within neurosurgery. The Walter E. Dandy Orator, National Geographic fellow Daniel Buettner, offered insights from the Blue Zones project, illustrating how purpose and community sustain longevity and well-being. The Dorothy Nash Lecturer, Emmy Award–winning journalist Lisa Ling, reflected on the importance of investing in human stories and their relevance to both medicine and society. A special guest appearance by tennis champion Andre Agassi provided a compelling exploration of mindset, resilience, and performance excellence—parallels that align with the focus and perseverance required of our profession. It was a privilege to recognize Dr Daniel Resnick, past CNS President, as the CNS Honored Guest. His reflections on building community across generations offered both a practical and forward-looking vision—one characterized by resolve and promise. The Founder's Laurel Award was presented to Dr Richard Ellenbogen for his enduring leadership and service, while the Distinguished Service Award honored Ms. Deanne Starr, CNS Vice President for Programs and Communications, whose dedication continues to advance the mission and excellence of our organization. We also celebrated Dr Marjorie Wang, Executive Director of the American Board of Neurological Surgeons, as Educator of the Year, in recognition of her lifelong commitment to learning and mentorship. Reflecting our commitment to global collaboration, keynote addresses were presented by eminent leaders of the Japanese Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the Neurological Society of India, and the Society of Brazilian Neurosurgeons. The Innovator of the Year, selected by meeting attendees, was Dr Navzer Engineer, whose presentation on Vivistim as a novel therapy for stroke exemplified the spirit of translational progress that defines the CNS. In my Presidential Address, I reflected on how we are connected through the themes of community, leadership, individual peak performance, and innovation—and how through deeper listening, we may continue to shape both our own future and that of our specialty. These shared commitments serve as a reminder of our collective purpose and of the enduring human connections that guide and strengthen neurosurgery. The 2025 CNS Annual Meeting represented far more than a scientific conference. It was a reaffirmation of our identity as neurosurgeons—defined by excellence, collaboration, and dedication to advancing the care of our patients and the progress of our field. I am deeply grateful to every member of our neurosurgical community whose engagement contributed to the success of this meeting and to the advancement of our discipline. I extend particular appreciation to Dr Douglas Kondziolka, Editor-in-Chief of Neurosurgery, and Dr Theresa L. Williamson, Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Neurosurgery, for their stewardship in ensuring that the scholarly record of our meeting continues to exemplify the scientific rigor, innovation, and integrity of our profession. With gratitude,

Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

From the president of SMFM

Trends in Female Authorship at American Academy of Otolaryngology-HNS Annual Meetings From 2007 to 2022.

Oral and poster presentations at annual national meetings of the Romanian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (RSGH) provide a forum for education, communication and discussion of new research. However, for the wide-spread dissemination of the new research work, each presentation should be subsequently published as a full-text article in peer-reviewed, indexed journals. to evaluate the publication rate of full-text articles in peer-reviewed journals after being first presented as abstracts at two consecutive RSGH annual meetings. A retrospective review of all abstracts presented at the annual meetings in 2013 and 2014 was performed. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using abstract titles, first author's name and affiliation, and key words from the title to identify whether an abstract resulted in a peer-reviewed publication. Abstracts published in full-text were subsequently assessed for study type, study center, topics, publication year, journals and their impact factors (IFs). We chose the 2013 and 2014 meetings to ensure a minimum two-year follow-up period since the last meeting for the publication as full-length articles. A total of 562 abstracts were presented (275 in 2013, 287 in 2014). There were 150 oral presentations (93 in 2013, 57 in 2014) and 412 poster presentations (182 in 2013, 230 in 2014). Fifty seven of them (10.1%) were published as full-text articles, among them 26 (17.3%) after oral presentations and 31 (7.5%) after poster presentations (P=0.001). University affiliation and original research work were most likely to be published. The average IFs of the journals which published the articles were 2.42 in 2013 and 1.87 in 2014. The publication rate for the annual RSGH meetings abstracts as full-text articles in peer-reviewed journals is very low compared to the analyses performed in gastroenterology or other medical specialities from other countries. It is not clear yet what are the factors responsible for the failure of publication.

Forty-First Annual Meeting, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Forty-Second Annual Meeting, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Reflections and Visions: 50 Years of Presidential Addresses

The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) Joint Cerebrovascular (CV) Section serves as a centralized entity for the dissemination of information related to CV neurosurgery. The quality of scientific conferences, such as the CV Section's Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery Annual Meeting, can be gauged by the number of poster and oral presentations that are published in peer-reviewed journals. However, publication rates from the CV Section's meetings are unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the rate at which abstracts presented at the AANS/CNS CV Section Annual Meeting from 2014 to 2018 were subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals. The abstract titles for all accepted poster and oral podium presentation abstracts from the 2014-2018 Annual Joint AANS/CNS CV Section Meetings were searched using PubMed. A match was defined as sufficient similarity between the abstract and its corresponding journal publication with regard to title, authors, methods, and results. Five-year impact factors (IFs) from Journal Citation Reports (JCR), the country of the corresponding author, and the number of citations in the Scopus database were obtained using the articles' digital object identifier when available, or the exact article title, journal, and year of publication. Of the 607 total poster and oral presentations from the 2014-2018 Annual Meetings of the AANS/CNS Joint CV Section, 46.29% (n = 281) have been published. Published articles received 3233 total citations for an average number of citations per article (± SD) of 10.89 ± 16.37. The average 5-year JCR IF of published studies was 4.64 ± 3.13. Additionally, 98.22% of published abstracts were in publication within 4 years from the time the abstract was presented. The most common peer-reviewed neurosurgical journals featuring these publications were the Journal of Neurosurgery, World Neurosurgery, the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Neurosurgery, and the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. Nearly half of all poster and oral presentations at the annual meetings of the AANS/CNS Joint CV Section from 2014 to 2018 have been published in PubMed-indexed, peer-reviewed journals. The average number of citations per publication (10.89 ± 16.37) reflects the high quality of abstracts accepted for presentation. It is important to continuously assess the quality of research presented at national conferences to ensure that standards are being maintained for the advancement of clinical practice in a given area of medicine. Conference abstract publication rates in peer-reviewed journals represent a way in which research quality can be gauged, and the authors encourage others to conduct similar investigations in their subspecialty area of interest and/or practice.

SOAP 30th Annual Meeting

Higher gender diversity correlates with higher patient satisfaction, higher-quality medical education, increased research productivity, and higher revenues. Although the field of Japanese orthopaedic surgery includes the lowest proportion ofwomen and lags in gender diversity, reports on the current gender diversity status in academic activities are scarce. We investigated changes in women's participation in academic activities at the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) annual meetings over the past 11 years. Data on the percentage of women in the JOA membership during 2012-2022 were analyzed to ascertain the proportion of women as first authors of oral and poster presentations, abstract reviewers, invited lecturers, seminar lecturers, general abstract oral chairpersons, symposium chairpersons, and speakers. Regarding the ratio of women among the JOA members during 2012-2022, we relied on data provided by the JOA. Data related to other categories were collected from the abstract book presented at the JOA Annual Meetings between 2012 and 2022. We analyzed the time trend for women's proportions using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. During 2012-2022, the percentage of female members (4.9-6.7%), poster first authors (2.7-4.3%), abstract reviewers (0-1.5%), general abstract oral chairpersons (0-2.3%), symposium chairpersons (0-3.6%), and symposium speakers (1.6-6.8%) had increased significantly (p < 0.05). Oral first authors (2.2-4.1%), invited lecturers (0-6.8%), or seminar lecturers (0%-6.7%) showed no trend. Women engaged in academic activities at all annual association meetings did not exceed the women's proportion among the association members. Although the proportion of women members of the JOA has gradually increased and more women are involved in its annual meetings, the proportion of female presenters, invited speakers, symposiasts, and chairpersons of oral and poster presentations is generally lower than that of women as JOA members. Members should be asked to raise awareness, including more active education of women as physicians in educational institutions and the creation of positive actions to select women as physicians for more important roles (chairpersons, educational speakers, and symposiasts) in the organization of annual meetings.

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ESA's Fourth Decade: the Post‐War Years