Preface: High-entropy alloy nanostructures: from theory to application.

Nanoscale high-entropy alloy for electrocatalysis

A Creative “Spark” for High-Entropy Alloys

There have been many interesting studies on high-entropy alloys (HEAs), also known as multi-component (MC) alloys (MCAs), in recent years. MC metallic-glasses (MGs) have shown the potential to express the advantages of MCAs and MGs in tandem. Amorphous phase formation rules are a crucial issue in the HEA and MCA field. For equal or near-equal atomic ratio alloys, mixed-entropy among the elements has a significant effect on the phase formation. This paper focuses on HEA amorphous phase formation rules. In the first two sections, the recent progress in amorphous phase formation in HEAs and MCAs is reviewed, including the effective factors and correlative parameters related to amorphous phase formation. In the third section, novel MCMGs including high-entropy (HE) bulk-metallic-glass (HE-BMG) and MCMG films developed in recent decades are summarized, and the giant-magnetic-impedance (GMI) effect of MC amorphous fibers is discussed.

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTGREEN CHEMISTRY PROGRESS REPORTFaster implementation of pollution prevention strategy will help reach global sustainability goalsSTEPHEN K. RITTERView Author Information C&EN WASHINGTONCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2002, 80, 47, 19–23Publication Date (Print):November 25, 2002Publication History Published online13 November 2010Published inissue 25 November 2002https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v080n047.p019https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n047.p019newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Green chemistry Get e-Alerts

Enthalpies of formation of high entropy and multicomponent alloys using oxide melt solution calorimetry

Binary intermetallic compounds composed of a first row transition metal and a post transition metal such as aluminum or gallium and oxides thereof provide a new source of heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2. Unlike related single metal systems, which only generate formate and CO, the mixed metal systems form a variety of C2+ products. Most interestingly, we find that a nickel metal enhanced Cr2O3/Ga2O3 interface efficiently catalyzes the formation of 1-butanol.We have reported that Ni3Al reduces CO2 to a variety of C3 oxygenates,1-2 while Lewis et. al. has noted that various NixGay alloys generate C2 products from CO2.3 In both cases, the higher order products are observed in low yield. However, these examples are important since they demonstrate that metallic systems that do not contain copper can form carbon-carbon bonds from CO2. Recently, we discovered that mixed oxides of chromium-gallium containing a small concentration of nickel metal produce 1-butanol with greater than 40% faradaic yields in aqueous electrolytes.4 A variety of other C2, C3 and C4 products are also observed. These species can be selected for, by regulating the electrolyte pH, the electrode potential and the enhancing metal employed.Our new findings argue for a relatively unexplored mechanism for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds through a formate intermediate, circumventing the need to generate a CO. For all of the heterogeneous systems we have investigated, there appears to be strong correlation between the morphology of the electrocatalyst and the product distribution observed. It is also observed that the composition of the underlying electrode strongly influences the product composition. For example, while Ni3Al on glassy carbon produces a variety of C3 products, the same catalyst when placed on p-type CIGS photocathode primarily produces methanol with no indication of carbon-carbon coupling processes.5 A detailed mechanistic understanding of these systems is likely to offer new opportunities for the electrosynthesis of organic products from CO2 with high faradaic yield and modest overpotential.References Paris, A. R.; Bocarsly, A. B., Ni–Al Films on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Generate an Array of Oxygenated Organics from CO2. ACS Catalysis 2017, 7, 6815-6820. Paris, A. R.; Bocarsly, A. B., Mechanistic Insight into C2 and C3 Product Generation Using Ni3Al and Ni3Ga Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction. In Faraday Discussion on Artifical Photosynthesis, Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge University, GB, 2018. Torelli, D. A.; Francis, S. A.; Crompton, J. C.; Javier, A.; Thompson, J. R.; Brunschwig, B. S.; Soriaga, M. P.; Lewis, N. S., Nickel–Gallium-Catalyzed Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Highly Reduced Products at Low Overpotentials. ACS Catalysis 2016, 6 (3), 2100-2104. Cronin, S. P.; Dulovic, S.; Lawrence, J. A.; Filsinger, K. A.; Hernandez-Gonzalez, A. P.; Evans, R.; Stiles, J. W.; Morris, J.; Pelczer, I.; Bocarsly, A. B., Direct Synthesis of 1-butanol with High Faradaic Efficiency from CO2 Utilizing Cascade Catalysis at a Ni-Enhanced (Cr2O3)3Ga2O3 Electrocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 6762–6772. Foster, B. M.; Paris, A. R.; Frick, J. J.; Blasini-Pérez, D. A.; Cava, R. J.; Bocarsly, A. B., Catalytic Mismatching of CuInSe2 and Ni3Al Demonstrates Selective Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction to Methanol. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3 (1), 109-113.

Binary alloys and intermetallic compounds composed of a first row transition metal and a post transition metal such as aluminum or gallium provide a new source of heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2. Unlike the related Group 13 and 14 single metal systems (tin and indium which only generate formate and CO, the mixed metal systems form a variety of C1 products, along with carbon-carbon bonded products. The alloy systems resemble the indium and tin systems, in that they show a catalytic dependence on the surface oxides present.We have reported that Ni3Al reduces CO2 to a variety of C3 oxygenates,1-2 while Lewis et. al. has noted that various NixGay alloys generate C2 products from CO2.3 In both cases, the higher order products are observed in low yield. However, these examples are important since they demonstrate that metallic systems that do not contain copper can form carbon-carbon bonds from CO2. Recently we discovered that chromium-gallium bimetallic combinations can produce oxalate in high faradaic yields in aqueous electrolytes.4 Here again an oxide plays a key role in the observed electrocatalysis.The Cr-Ga system which may best be thought of as an alloy of Cr2O3 and Ga2O3 is particularly intriguing since it produces oxalate at modest potentials (~-1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in aqueous electrolyte. Prior reports on oxalate electrogeneration from CO2 required the use of nonaqueous electrolytes and significantly more negative potentials (>-2.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl). In the current system, we find that CO2 reduction can be carried out at potentials where oxalate formation competes favorably with H2 production yielding faradaic efficiencies in excess of 50%. Our new findings argue for a previously unexplored mechanism for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds that circumvents the generation of a [CO2 –• ] intermediate. Preliminary data hints at a mechanism that goes through a CO intermediate. Interestingly this system is strongly cation dependent, showing reactivity patterns that suggest two distinct active sites are present at the electrode interface.For all of the alloy and intermetallic systems we have investigated, there appears to be strong correlation between the morphology of the mixed metal electrocatalyst and the product distribution. The chemical source of this effect remains under study. It is also observed that the composition of the underlying electrode strongly influences the product composition. For example, while Ni3Al on glassy carbon produces a variety of C3 products, the same catalyst when placed on p-type CIGS photocathode primarily produces methanol with no indication of carbon-carbon coupling processes.5 A detailed mechanistic understanding of these systems is likely to offer new opportunities for the electrosynthesis of organic products from CO2 with high faradaic yield and modest overpotential.References Paris, A. R.; Bocarsly, A. B., Ni–Al Films on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Generate an Array of Oxygenated Organics from CO2. ACS Catalysis 2017, 7, 6815-6820. Paris, A. R.; Bocarsly, A. B., Mechanistic Insight into C2 and C3 Product Generation Using Ni3Al and Ni3Ga Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction. In Faraday Discussion on Artifical Photosynthesis, Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge University, GB, 2018. Torelli, D. A.; Francis, S. A.; Crompton, J. C.; Javier, A.; Thompson, J. R.; Brunschwig, B. S.; Soriaga, M. P.; Lewis, N. S., Nickel–Gallium-Catalyzed Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Highly Reduced Products at Low Overpotentials. ACS Catalysis 2016, 6 (3), 2100-2104. Paris, A. R.; Bocarsly, A. B., High-Efficiency Conversion of CO2 to Oxalate in Water Is Possible Using a Cr-Ga Oxide Electrocatalyst. ACS Catalysis 2019, 2324-2333. Foster, B. M.; Paris, A. R.; Frick, J. J.; Blasini-Pérez, D. A.; Cava, R. J.; Bocarsly, A. B., Catalytic Mismatching of CuInSe2 and Ni3Al Demonstrates Selective Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction to Methanol. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3 (1), 109-113.

Following a tradition more than 100 years old, a Faraday Discussion meeting was held on the topic of 'Ultrafast Energy and Charge Transfer' in April 2019. While these meetings are historically held in the United Kingdom, the Royal Society of Chemistry (who organises the conference and publishes its proceedings) recognises the importance of finding the space and opportunity for the chemical sciences international communities to connect and exchange knowledge. As such, the meeting hereby referred to took place in Ventura, California, USA. This conference report, produced by early career researchers, covers the highlights of this meeting, focusing on brief summaries of the papers discussed as well as particularly interesting or recurring topics of the ensuing discussion.

BRITAIN’S ROYAL SOCIETY of Chemistry (RSC) has acquired ChemSpider, a free database of 21 million chemical structures and associated information including properties, commercial sources, and links to related journal articles. The database is periodically expanded with publicly available chemical information and material provided by collaborators and the public on a volunteer basis. The association with RSC provides stability and credence to ChemSpider, says Antony Williams, the cheminformatics consultant who was principally responsible for its development. Williams will serve as vice president of strategic development for ChemSpider at RSC. He hopes the resource will become a “central hub for information” for users looking for publications about chemical compounds; for information about synthesis, toxicity, and purchasing; for blogs and Wikis; or for an environment in which to collaborate with other researchers. From RSC’s perspective, ChemSpider furthers the society’s mission to “advance the chemical sci...

WHAT IS SAFE? THE RISKS OF LIVING IN A NUCLEAR AGE, by David R. Williams, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom, viii +146 pp. (pbk £22.50) ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL TOPICS SERIES, Volume 7, edited by John Rose, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Reading, United Kingdom, May 1998, xv + 416 pp., ISBN 90–5699–140‐X (Hbk £94.00) THE CHEMISTRY OF EXPLOSIVES, by Jacqueline Akhaven, The Royal Society of Chemistry, RSC Paperbacks, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1998, xii + 173 pp. (£17.50) MODERN CHLOR‐ALKALI TECHNOLOGY, Volume 7, edited by S. Sealey, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, and the Society for Chemical Industry, London, United Kingdom, 1998, ix + 235 pp. (Hbk, £69.50) AEROSOL SAMPLING GUIDELINES, edited by A. L. Nichols, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1998, x + 170 pp. (Hbk, £59.50) PESTICIDE REMEDIATION IN SOILS AND WATER, by Philip C. Kearney and Terry Roberts, Wiley Series in Agrochemicals and Plant Protection, Chichester, United Kingdom, 1998, XV + 381 pp. (Hbk, £85.00) BLOODBORNE VIRUSES INFECTION CONTROL, A GUIDE FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS, British Medical Association, Board of Science and Education, BMJ Bookshop, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London Single User £42.00 + VAT; Site License (all Users £195.00 + VAT) ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPING WORLD: PRINCIPLES, POLICIES AND MANAGEMENT, by A. Gupta and M. G. Asher, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, x+360pp. ISBN 0 471 98338 1, 1998, x+360pp (£18.99) A CENTURY OF MARINE SCIENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA, edited by A. I. L. Payne and J. R. E. Lutjeharms, Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Johannesburg, RSA, in collaboration with the Royal Society of South Africa. Special Issue of the Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa [vol. 52, Nr 1], 252 pp., 1997, 252 pp. (No price shown) HANDBOOK OF MARINE MINERAL DEPOSITS, edited by D. S. Cronan, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (USA), ISBN 0–8493–8429X, 1998, 510 pp. (Pbk, $99.50) ON THE ROCKS — EARTH SCIENCE FOR EVERYONE, by John S. Dickey, Jr., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996, 252 pp. (£12.99) GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, edited by B. Eliasson, P. Riemer and A. Wokaun. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1999, 1095 pp., ISBN 0–08–043018‐X ($255) PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH CONFERENCE ON THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF THE ENVIRONMENT: TOWARDS THE WORLD GOVERNING OF THE ENVIRONMENT. ATTI DEL CONVEEGNO INTERNAZIONALE, edited by Giovanni Cordini and Amedeo Postiglione. Sponsored by the Italian National Council for Research (CNR), Gianni Iuculano Editore‐Giada, Pavia. 2 volumes, Vol. I 724 pp., Vol. II 496 pp., 1997. 95,000 Italian Lire for volume 1,58,000 ITL for volume II. (Vol. 1–95,000 Italian Lire; Vol. II‐58,000 Italian Lire). TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. A STRATEGIC APPROACH. GUIDELINES FOR WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO‐OPERATION, by the European Commission, Directorate General for Development and, Directorate General for External Relations and North‐South Co‐operation. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, [L‐2985] Luxembourg (Gd Duchy of Luxemburg), 222 pp., 1999, ISBN 92–828–4454–4 (English text), 92–828–4455–2 (French text), 92–828–4456–0 (Portuguese text) INTRODUCTION TO THE ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES. AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE, by S. Merrett, UCL Press, London, 1997, 187 pp. + indexes (£14.95)

A review of:
 
 Duy, Joanna and Liwen Vaughan. “Can Electronic Journal Usage Data Replace Citation Data as a Measure of Journal Use? An Empirical Examination.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32.5 (Sept. 2006): 512-17.
 
 Abstract
 
 Objective – To identify valid measures of journal usage by comparing citation data with print and electronic journal use data.
 
 Design – Bibliometric study.
 
 Setting – Large academic library in Canada.
 
 Subjects – Instances of use were collected from 11 print journals of the American Chemical Society (ACS), 9 print journals of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), and electronic journals in chemistry and biochemistry from four publishers – ACS, RSC, Elsevier, and Wiley. ACS, Elsevier, and Wiley journals in chemistry-related subject areas were sampled for Journal Impact Factors and citations data from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).
 
 Methods – Journal usage data were collected to determine if an association existed between: (1) print and electronic journal use; (2) electronic journal use and citations to journals by authors from the university; and (3) electronic journal use and Journal Impact Factors. 
 
 Between June 2000 and September 2003, library staff recorded the re-shelving of bound volumes and loose issues of 20 journal titles published by the ACS and the RSC. 
 
 Electronic journal usage data were collected for journals published by ACS, RSC, Elsevier, and Wiley within the ISI-defined chemistry and biochemistry subject area. Data were drawn from the publishers’ Level 1 COUNTER compliant usage statistics. These data equate 1 instance of use with a user viewing an HTML or PDF full text article. The period of data collection varied, but at least 2.5 years of data were collected for each publisher. 
 
 Journal Impact Factors were collected for all ISI chemistry-related journals published by ACS, Elsevier, and Wiley for the year 2001. Library Journal Utilization Reports (purchased from ISI) were used to determine the number of times researchers at the university cited journals in the same set of chemistry-related journals over the period 1998 to 2002. The authors call this “local citation data.” (512)
 
 The results from electronic journal use were also analysed for correlation with the total number of citations, as reported in the Journal Citation Reports, for each journal in the sample.
 
 Main results – The study found a significant correlation between the results for print journal and electronic journal usage. A similar finding was reported for correlation between electronic journal usage data and local citation data. No significant association was found between Journal Impact Factors and electronic journal usage data. However, when an analysis was conducted for the total number of citations to the journals (drawn from the Journal Impact Factor calculations in Journal Citation Reports) and electronic journal use, significant correlations were found for all publishers’ journals.
 
 Conclusion – Within the fields of chemistry and biochemistry, electronic journal usage data provided by publishers are an equally valid method of determining journal usage as print journal re-shelving data. The results of the study indicate this association is valid even when print journal subscriptions have ceased. Local citation data (the citations made by researchers at the institution being studied) also provide a valid measure of journal use when compared with electronic journal usage results. Journal Impact Factors should be used with caution when libraries are making journal collection decisions.

Collagen triple helices fold slowly and inefficiently, often requiring adjacent globular domains to assist this process. In the Streptococcus pyogenes collagen-like protein Scl2, a V domain predicted to be largely α-helical, occurs N-terminal to the collagen triple helix (CL). Here, we replace this natural trimerization domain with a de novo designed, hyperstable, parallel, three-stranded, α-helical coiled coil (CC), either at the N terminus (CC-CL) or the C terminus (CL-CC) of the collagen domain. CD spectra of the constructs are consistent with additivity of independently and fully folded CC and CL domains, and the proteins retain their distinctive thermal stabilities, CL at ∼37 °C and CC at >90 °C. Heating the hybrid proteins to 50 °C unfolds CL, leaving CC intact, and upon cooling, the rate of CL refolding is somewhat faster for CL-CC than for CC-CL. A construct with coiled coils on both ends, CC-CL-CC, retains the ∼37 °C thermal stability for CL but shows less triple helix at low temperature and less denaturation at 50 °C. Most strikingly however, in CC-CL-CC, the CL refolds slower than in either CC-CL or CL-CC by almost two orders of magnitude. We propose that a single CC promotes folding of the CL domain via nucleation and in-register growth from one end, whereas initiation and growth from both ends in CC-CL-CC results in mismatched registers that frustrate folding. Bioinformatics analysis of natural collagens lends support to this because, where present, there is generally only one coiled-coil domain close to the triple helix, and it is nearly always N-terminal to the collagen repeat.

The Royal Society of Chemistry has launched its own hybrid journal program. From today's press release: The RSC posting today on CHMINF has more detail: There are still more details on the RSC Open Science FAQ: <b> Comments </b> . First note that the Royal Society of Chemistry is not the same as the Royal Society, which launched its own hybrid program in June.

Multicomponent alloys or high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are the most recent breakthroughs in the metal alloying area. Their unique possibilities in mechanical properties and their vast universe of combinations turn them into a highly active research area. The properties of HEAs depend on the solid solution formation, which can be predicted by calculation. Therefore, we present a method to simulate discrete compositions of the alloy elements in the software MD 2.0, created to calculate four parameters and provide their associated statuses to predict the solid solution formation in multicomponent alloys. The HEA CoCrCuFeNi was subjected to calculation in MD 2.0, and, if all the imposed restrictions and criteria are concomitantly attended: (a) the minimum density (8.426 g/cm3) solid solution formation refers to 33.122% Co, 6.491% Cr, 9.984% Cu, 34.909% Fe, and 15.494% Ni composition; (b) the minimum specific cost (US$/kg 7.560) under solid solution formation addresses 5.059% Co, 5.174% Cr, 31.553% Cu, 33.975% Fe, and 24.239% Ni composition. Given this result, it is possible to select the optimized composition of the alloy according to the design objective.

The multicomponent alloys with nearly equal concentration of components, also known as high entropy alloys (HEAs), were first proposed 22 years ago. The HEAs quickly became very important in materials science due to their unique properties. Nowadays, the HEAs are frequently used in energy conversion and storage applications. HEAs can consist of five, six or more components. Plasma cladding permits coating of the large surfaces of cheap substrates with (often expensive) HEAs and to enlarge, in such a way, their application area. The large-area coatings deposited by plasma cladding possess multiple advantages such as low thermal distortion, very high energy density, as well as low dilution of the substrate material. Plasma cladding ensures good metallurgical bonding between coating and substrate. The costs of operation and equipment are also very attractive. During plasma cladding, the mixed powders are blown by carrier gas into a plasma torch or are positioned on a substrate. This powder mixture is then melted in or under the plasma torch. The plasma torch, in turn, sequentially scans the substrate. After finalizing the crystallization process, the solid polycrystal appears which contains few residual melts. This remaining melt can completely or incompletely wet the grain boundaries (GBs) in solid phase of the polycrystal. These completely or incompletely wetted GBs can strongly influence the microstructure of HEA coatings and their morphology. In this review we analyze the GB wetting HEAs containing one phase in HEAs with two, three and more phases, as well as in HEAs reinforced with particles of carbides, nitrides, borides, or oxides. We also analyze the microstructure of the rather thick coatings after plasma cladding after additional laser remelting and observe how GB wetting changes over their thickness.