Prediction of the Slagging and Fouling of Indonesian Coal with Hard Wood from Central and East Java

This study aims to analyze the effect of local own revenue, balance funds and area size on capital expenditure with economic growth as a moderating factor for district / city governments in Central and East Java Provinces. The population in this study are all districts / cities in Central Java and East Java Province. This research uses census method. The secondary data used in this study is in the form of 2015-2017 APBD realization reports obtained from the Director General of Fiscal Balance of the Regional Government, while data on economic growth and area size were obtained from BPS of Central and East Java Provinces. The analysis technique uses structural equation models with Partial Least Square. The results showed that regional original income and balance funds had a significant positive effect on capital expenditure in Central and East Java. The area size has a positive and significant effect on capital expenditure for Central Java but not for East Java. Economic growth moderates the effect of regional income on capital expenditure. Economic growth moderates balance funds towards capital expenditure for Central Java but not for East Java. Overall there is no difference in capital expenditure across districts / cities in the two provinces

Background and Aim:A previous study divided Indonesian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 into subgenotypes BVDV-1a to BVDV-1d based on the partial NS5B gene using strain Bega as reference for BVDV-1a. In fact, it is clustered into BVDV-1c with strain Bega-like Australia. BVDV genotyping has been done on isolates from Jakarta, West and Central Java, but East Java isolates have not been genotyped. This study aimed to analyze genetic variability and amino acid residues in the nucleotide-binding pocket of the NS5B gene from infected cattle.Materials and Methods:Samples were obtained from the Sera Bank originating from active and passive surveillance of cattle that had been tested for BVDV antigen from 2013 to 2017. Detection of the p80 antibody and BVDV genotyping was carried out using ELISA and nested-multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. We defined 15 nested PCR products for partial sequencing of NS5B. Those field samples were selected from each location and year using proportional calculation as a representative sample. Homological and phylogenetic analyses of the partial NS5B gene were performed using BLAST and MEGA version 6.Results:Based on the phylogenetic tree analysis using 360 nucleotides as the partial NS5B gene, Indonesian BVDV-1 isolates from Central and East Java were subdivided to BVDV-1a (n=9), BVDV-1b (n=1), and BVDV-1c (n=5). In the present study, the homology of BVDV subgenotype -1a, -1b, and -1c was compared to the BVDV GenBank data and found 90-93%, 93%, and 92-95% respectively with the average pairwise distance of 0.207. A point mutation was shown at R283K of all BVDV isolates based on the sequence of three amino acid residues R283, R285, and I287 in the nucleotide-binding pocket as a part of the encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.Conclusion:This study revealed the genetic variability of BVDV infecting cattle in Central Java and East Java, Indonesia, the subtypes BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-1c, and a point mutation at the R283K residue.

The glocalization of foreign cultures in Indonesia includes one of them is in the culinary field. From different regions the names of foods originating from foreign countries are modified based on the ease of pronunciation, shape, type and texture of the food. The purpose of this study is to analyze and uncover by analyzing culinary names in Central Java and East Java that have etymology. This type of research is literature, namely by using literature from the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Daring V and Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Based on the results of the study, culinary names in Central Java and East Java have differences from the origin of words, the use of spices, cooking methods and taste preferences of people in the two provinces.

Dalbergia latifolia is commercial tropical tree species known for its beautiful heartwood, mainly used for furniture and musical instrument. High market demand has put concerns on its sustainability and conservation aspects in Indonesia. Ninety-five specimens of D. latifolia were collected from eight populations of Java, Lombok, and Sumbawa Island to study intraspecific variability and diversity using SRAP. One hundred and eighty SRAP loci with 54.03% ± 4.35% polymorphism obtained from PCR amplification of 10 primer combinations, with the average PIC for these primers of 0.28. Genetic diversity and variability measures were calculated using GenAlEx software indicating a relatively low-mid level of percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) (54.03%), effective number of alleles (Ne) (1.255), Shannon information index (I) (0.242), and heterozygosity (He) (0.156) on average. The highest value (I = 0.309, He = 0.196) was observed in population P2CJ (Central Java), followed by West Java of P1WJ (I = 0.300, He = 0.191) and West Sumbawa of P7Wsumb (I = 0.257, He = 0.169), while the lowest (I = 0.202, He = 0.129) was found in West Lombok (P4WL). The genetic relationships were measured from genetic distance and identity from the two-pairwise calculation, PCoA, and STRUCTURE analysis. The relative homologous population is found between populations Central and West Java of P2CJ and P1WJ (Nei uD = 0.031), suggesting these populations have the same origin and formed one population, while the most distinct (Nei uD = 0.157) was recorded between Sumbawa regency (P6Sumb) and East Java (P3EJ). The results from PCoA showed that all individuals are placed in three groups almost in accordance with their respective islands, i.e. a group comprised inclusively trees from Sumbawa island, a group of Lombok and some Central Java trees, and a group of trees from Java with the exclusion of some trees of Central Java that were clustered with trees from Lombok island. This result was also supported by STRUCTURE analysis, which showed that Sumbawa, Lombok, and West-East Java populations formed their respective clusters, and Central Java population contains a mixture of West-East Java and Lombok populations. This may suggest evidence of complex origin, thus needing further study to clarify. It is recommended that the populations with the highest value of genetic diversity (Central and East Java) are to be maintained as the source of the gene pool for genetic enrichment programs.

Financial performance is a description of the economic results that regional governments are able to achieve at a certain time through regional government economic activities. Local Own-source Revenue (PAD) is one of the financial sources owned by the district. Income comes from various components such as district taxes, district levies, Government Owned Business Entities profits and other income. East Java's PAD in 2022 increase drastically and is in the top five provinces with the highest revenues. This research aims to compare the financial performance of Local Government Budget (APBD) in East Java and Central Java Provincial Governments. This research method is quantitative descriptive using the calculation of five ratios: Independence Ratio, Fiscal Decentralization Ratio, Effectiveness Ratio, Efficiency Ratio and Expenditure Ratio. The data used in this research is secondary data from the East Java and Central Java Province APBD financial reports for the 2018-2022 budget year. The results of this research are based on the Financial Capability Index (FCI) data analysis technique, shows that Central Java region is more capable of financing its regional activities. It shows that Central Java’ FCI is classified as high and East Java is classified as medium performance.

This study aims to determine the competitiveness of sugarcane farming in Central Java and East Java based on comparative advantage (DRCR) and competitive advantage (PCR). The method used was the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The result in Central Java explained that the sugarcane farming do not have comparative advantage but have competitive advantage. It is indicated by the value of Domestic Resource Cost Ratio DRCR>1 which is 1.23 and the value of Private Cost Ratio PCR<1 which is 0.71. Meanwhile The result in East Java explained that the sugarcane farming do not have comparative advantage but have competitive advantage. It is indicated by the value of DRCR>1 which is 1.05 and the value of PCR<1 which is 0.56. Partial test was conducted to find out how many respondents in each region in Central Java and East Java that have competitiveness sugarcane farming. Based on the partial test of each respondent in Central Java, about 51.67%, 45.00% and 3.33% of respondents are categorized as very competitive, medium competitiveness and very low competitive respectively. Meanwhile, in East Java Province, there are 25.00% of respondents with very high competitiveness, 65.00% medium competitiveness and 10.00% very low competitive.

Organic fertilizers are presently being recommended for use on wetland rice, as a supplement to inorganic fertilizers. A survey on the availability of materials and preparedness of farmers to utilize organic fertilizers was carried out in 2010 in 10 regencies within three provinces in Java, namely four regencies in West Java, three in Central Java, and four in East Java. The survey was carried out using a structured questioner involving 63 farmer-groups as respondents. Correlation analyses were done among 15 variables, and t-test was applied for paireddata obtained from the dry and wet seasons. Majority of the farmers were empirically familiar on the advantage of using organic fertilizer. However, their knowledges on its benefit were limited to the immediate results, such as on increase of grain yield, better grain quality, and more vigorous crop growth. The number of farmers familiar with the composting technique was in lower proportion than those of the unfamiliar ones. Not all farmers familiar with the composting technique however, were actually practicing their knowledge, only about 25% in West Java, 15% in Central Java, and 35% in East Java. The amount of organic fertilizer applied by farmers was generally far less than that of the recommended, only 0.41 t/ha in West Java, 0.39 t/ha in Central Java, and 1.2 t/ha in East Java. Rice straw from the wet season harvest was either burned (30% in West Java, 38% in Central Java, and 15% in East Java), used for feed (10% in West Java, 22% in Central Java, and 46% in East Java), or returned to the soil (60% in West Java, 40% in Central Java, and 39% in East Java). Those figures were somewhat similar with those on the dry season. The use of organic fertilizer was hampered partly by the lack of knowledge on long-term benefit, and due to the unavailability of manure. The number of livestock owned by farmer, the farmer’s practice of making compost, and the availability of manure in each household, each was significantly correlated to the amount of organic matter applied by farmers. Presently, farmers seem to be not yet ready to use organic fertilizer as a supplement for inorganic fertilizer. Integration of rice crop-livestock farming is suggested to be campaigned and facilitated by the Government, in order that the farmers are able to apply the organic fertilizer. This requires that farmers to be assisted for possessing livestock, through a credit-scheme program.

This study aims to determine the effect of local revenue (PAD) and the General Allocation Fund (DAU) to the Expenditures of Regional as well as the possibility of flypaper effect on the country/city in East Java, Central Java and West Java the period 2011-2013. The method used in thus research is quantitative method. The population used is the district/city in East Java, Central and West Java. Sampling using purposive sampling and sample in this research is 100 district/cities with details of East Java Province 38 District/city, West Java 35 district/city and West Java 27 district/city.The data used in this research is secondary data which the data obtained from reports of Regional Budget obtained via the website Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Directorate General of Regional Financial Balance. The analysis in this research is using descriptive analysis, classical assumption test and multiple linear regression. Result from this research that indicates that the local revenue (PAD) affects regional expenditure as well as with the General Allocation Fund (DAU) also affects regional expenditure and occurred flypaper effect on the country/city in East Java,Central Java and West Java periods 2011-2013.

This article will begin with a brief look at the origins of Mañjuśrī from south Nepal, his popularity in China and the many depictions of him in eastern India and Java. More importantly, it will re-interpret a selected group of the Boddhisattva Mañjuśri in the human form with one head and two arms. The statues produced in both bronze, silver and stone, all with similar attributes identifying him as Mañjuśrī. The theoretical framework follows the various representation of Mañjuśrī statues from eastern India to a Kumārabhūta form only in Central Java and a single form of Arapacana in East Java. Within this framework, it will evaluate the stylistic features, attributes and the sartorial style of statues from both regions of Java, with details not previously discussed by past scholars, particularly looking at the textile patterns found on several of the statues.When the Mañjuśrī statues appeared in Central Java, various forms of the youthful Kumārabhūta or royal prince emerged, where he appeared to be particularly popular. Despite past knowledge of these statues, this paper allows for a new research direction and highlights the change in Mañjuśrī styles from Central to East Java. Similarly, various forms of Mañjuśrī Arapacana from eastern India transpire in East Java with this one unique statue of Arapacana from Caṇḍi Jago.

Java Island is a center for developing Apis mellifera bee cultivation due to the availability of honey bee feed plants. The most reliable plant species producing honey is kapok plant (Ceiba petandra), because the flowering period is around 2.5 months. This study aims to determine the quality of A.mellifera kapok honey from Central and East Java. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling method in Pati District and Jepara District (Central Java Province) and Pasuruan District (East Java Province), which were the centers of honey production. To find out the quality of kapok honey, laboratory analysis of 9 honey samples from honey producers was done. The results showed that the acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), reducing sugar and sucrose levels of all honey samples met SNI 8664-2018 standards, except honey water content which exceeded the SNI limit (maximum 22%). Kapok honey is acidic with a pH value of 4.0 to 4.5, white to light amber with an intensity value of 20 to 73 mm Pfund. The results of the phytochemical analysis that showed that the kapok honey in Pati District contained saponin active compounds, whereas honey from Jepara and Pasuruan District contained saponins and flavonoids which had the potential to be anti-bacterial and antioxidant.

Need of TISOL learning have been concerned, but until now there aren’t a based curriculum. Therefore, learning material of TISOL learning which used still be separated with culture integration. This research have aim to develop learning material based on Javanese culture to foreign student in Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta. The newest issues of this study is integration of Javanese culture to TISOL learning material using thematic-integrative approach. This research is Research and Development (R&D) which conducted in various TISOL institutions in Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta. Product of this research is learning materials based on Javanese culture. Learning materials based on Javanese culture from this research have excellent point in every theme which explain some of Javanese culture unsure, so that the TISOL student have a comprehensive illustration about Javanese culture. Themes which develop in this learning material that are, (1) friendship, (2) Javanese new year, (3) Javanese traditional costume, (4) Javanese culinary, (5) Javanese house and environment, (6) praying place, (7) Javanese weeding, (8) Mall and traditional market, (9) transportation, (10) Javanese dance, (11) Javanese traditional playing, and (12) Javanese music.

Dalam penelitian terdahulu, temuan arca-arca pendeta Buddha di Jawa Timur selalu diidentifikasi sebagai perwujudan Raja Kṛtanāgara . Namun, ternyata arca serupa juga terdapat di Jawa Tengah dan berasal dari masa lebih awal, sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah arca serupa juga dapat dikaitkan dengan tokoh tertentu? Tulisan ini mendiskusikan permasalahan tersebut dengan melakukan kajian kembali terhadap sejumlah arca pendeta Buddha baik di Jawa Tengah maupun di Jawa Timur. Kajian dilakukan dengan pendekatan ikonografi dan ikonologi. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa tokoh pendeta Buddha diarcakan mirip dengan tokoh Tathāgata atau Buddha, tetapi tanpa atribut khas Tathagatha yaitu ūrṇā, uṣṇīṣa, rambut ikal, serta padmāsana. Penggambaran ini dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan sifat kemanusiaannya. Selain itu, apabila di Jawa Timur arca pendeta Buddha dapat dikaitkan dengan tokoh Kṛtanāgara , arca pendeta Buddha di Jawa Tengah hanya dapat ditafsirkan secara umum sebagai perwujudan pendeta Buddha tertinggi, guru, atau arhat, dan belum dapat diidentifikasikan dengan tokoh sejarah tertentu.
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 In previous research statues of Buddhist priests found in East Java are interpreted as the embodiment of King Kṛtanāgara . In fact, similar statues are also discovered in Central Java from an earlier period. This raises the question whether these statues can indeed be associated with certain historical figures? This article addresses this issue by conducting a review of several statues of Buddhist priests in Central and East Java using an iconographic and iconological approach. The study showed that a Buddhist priest would be sculpted in a form similar to the Tathāgata or Buddha figure, but without his distinctive attributes, namely ūrṇā, uṣṇīṣa, curly hair and padmāsana. This depiction is meant to show his human nature. If in East Java statues of Buddhist priests can be associated with Kṛtanāgara , then similar statues in Central Java can only be interpreted in general as the embodiment of the highest Buddhist priest, guru or arhat.

Kayu putih oil, extracted from the kayu putih tree (Melaleuca leucadendron), is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Indonesia. We compared productivity of kayu putih tree plantations among three different sites in East, Central, and West Java, Indonesia. Leaf-twig, and branch production per tree differed significantly among the three sites. Tree biomass production was highest at the site in West Java practicing tumpangsari (a form of shifting cultivation) of kayu putih with rice (Oryza sativa) on alluvial soils. Tree biomass production was lowest at the site in East Java, practicing tumpangsari of kayu putih with maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Mani- hot esculenta). At this site, tree biomass production increased with increasing stand age and low production was compensated by greater biomass yield of companion crops. Intermediate tree biomass production was observed at the site in Central Java where intercropping is only practiced for the first two years after plantation establishment. Production of tree biomass and kayu putih oil did not increase with increasing stand density, indicating that at a given site, high tree stocking did not lead to high production. Stand-level productivity of the plantations increased with increasing stand age and maximum productivity was attained at 15 to 35 years, after which productivity declined. This suggested unsustainable stand productivity as plantations increase in age.

The purpose of this study was to know and analyze the shallot markets of Central Java with shallot markets in East Java, Jakarta, and West Java. The method of data analysis in this study is the Johansen Cointegration Test, Causality Test, and Vektor Error Correction Model (VECM). The data used is secondary data in the form of monthly sources from the Central Statistics Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture. The results of the research are producer markets and consumer markets in Central Java are integrated, the Central Java producer market and the East Java consumer market, Jakarta consumer market, and West Java consumer market are integrated, the Central Java consumer market and East Java consumer market, Jakarta consumer market, and West Java consumer market are integrated. Based on the trial of the causality of market integration carried out is weak, only the consumer market integration of Central Java with East Java consumer market is strong. Based on the results of the VAR / VECM analysis shows that adjustment of the prices of shallots in Central Java producer market slower than adjustments of the price of Central Java, East Java, and Jakarta consumer markets. Efforts to overcome this problem can be done by increasing the implementation of policies on the floor price and the ceiling price.

Surface reactivity of Andisols on volcanic ash along the Sunda arc crossing Java Island, Indonesia