Abstract
In recent years, China has been vigorously carrying out the planning and implementation of Sponge City. Since the implementation of Sponge City projects involves substantial materials and energy consumption, it is significant to account corresponding carbon emissions and sinks. The existed studies about carbon emission of stormwater management measures, however, are not able to take the whole life cycle and different facilities into consideration. Therefore, this study develops a comprehensive accounting model based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and life cycle assessment (LCA) method to predict carbon emissions and carbon sinks of Sponge City projects more comprehensively and accurately. The model is applied to an actual residential community in Shanghai as a case study. Results show that the total indirect carbon emission is estimated to be 774,277 kg CO2 eq during a 30-year lifespan, among which carbon emissions from operation and maintenance phases are 2570 kg CO2 eq/year and 7309 kg CO2 eq/year, respectively, both directly proportional to the service life of the facilities. Three kinds of achievable carbon sinks are carbon sequestration in green space (5450 kg CO2 eq/year), carbon sink from rainwater utilization (15,379 kg CO2 eq/year) and carbon sink from runoff pollutant removal (19,552 kg CO2 eq/year). Carbon neutrality is expected to be reached after approximately 19 years. The established carbon emission accounting model can contribute to better planning and construction of Sponge City in China and enhance further energy conservation and carbon emission reduction.
Highlights
With the rapid development of urbanization, large quantities of pervious natural land in China has been replaced by impervious roofs and pavements
Sponge City is a Chinese version of the urban stormwater management concept proposed to achieve better management and control of stormwater runoff, which is similar to best management practices (BMPs), low impact development (LID), green infrastructure (GI), and sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) and water-sensitive urban design (WSUD), which all aim to achieve better management and control of stormwater runoff [6]
I where CSRunoff is the carbon sink generated by the reduction of runoff, i represents one specific category of Sponge City facility, MRunoff represents the amount of reduced runoff brought about by a specific kind of Sponge City facility, and CErunoff represents the carbon emissions that can be saved corresponding to the equivalent amount of runoff discharged by the drainage pipe network
Summary
With the rapid development of urbanization, large quantities of pervious natural land in China has been replaced by impervious roofs and pavements. Among the 17 goals, there are several goals related to urban and building sustainability, including: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages; Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all; Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all In this case, the Sponge City strategy proposed and adopted by China is greatly in line with global sustainable development trends and goals. There are many studies on carbon sinks or sequestration as well as CO2 flux on a single facility, such as a green roof [27], rain garden [28], grassed swale [29], constructed wetland [30,31,32,33] These studies have provided precious preference for carbon emissions accounting of storm management measures, they are mostly focusing on one or several certain parts of the whole implementation process. Intercepting overflow well PP module pond PP module pond Drain pump Electrical cabinet
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