Abstract
This article proposes the development of a rainfall-runoff model in order to simulate the hydrologic behavior of the Djerem sub-basin at Mbakaou in the Sanaga basin in Cameroon. We suggest a solution based on a spatial conceptual modeling, then a restriction to a finite number of parameters judged applicable for the different choices of models. The approach relies on the hydrologic system HEC-HMS whose interest is not only it's adaptability to the tropical and equatorial climate, but also and especially to the acceptable results that it provides for a very weak quantity of data. In this work, we take into consideration the different aspects of modeling such as: surface flow, underground flows, direct runoffs, losses, as well as interactions between the surface and the base-flow of rivers. The results obtained allows the planning of the Mbakaou dam, consequently to increase the hydroelectric production on one hand and on the other hand, provide some exploitable information for dimensions of hydrologic works, protective against floods or for hydrologic management and ecology of the Djerem basin at Mbakaou. To validate our model, a comparison of the simulated flow-rate and the observed flow-rate was carried out using historic data with the Nash-Sutcliffe Criterion and we obtained an efficiency of 0.862, meaning that the simulation was good.
Highlights
In Cameroon, the production of electric energy is assured by well developed hydraulic and minor thermal systems
The mathematical modeling is an essential tool in understanding the processes and dynamic interactions between environmental and physiographic parameters put in place in a hydro-system (Singhy, 1997)
We developed a rainfall-runoff model that can help us to know for a given rainfall, the flow–rate at the outlet of a watershed
Summary
In Cameroon, the production of electric energy is assured by well developed hydraulic and minor thermal systems. The flow-rate of water nourishing these power stations depend directly on the natural flow of the Sanaga river but this flow-rate varies from 8000 m3/s in rainy seasons to less than 200 m3/s in the dry season. With the objective to regulate this flow-rate, the Sanaga has been equipped with three storage dams (Mbakaou, Bamendjin, Mapé) that are very distant from the power production stations (see Figure 1), posing the following enormous problems on the entire Sanaga basin: Difficulties at the level of hydrologic follow-up and forecasting of the inflows on the entire basin; Propagation time varies from 5 to days between reservoirs and power stations; Production losses associated to the difficulty of predicting flow to power stations and to plan the manipulation of storage dams; Improvement of performance indicators at the level of the production. The natural flow-rate of the Sanaga to the length of propagation time, in order to release just the necessary quantity of water thereby maintaining the flow-rate in the production factories of the value required to assure the electric power called to the boundary of alternators
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