Predicting suitable habitats and carbon storage potential of mangroves: A case study in Zhanjiang, China

The implementation of suitable carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies is a mandatory requirement for reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and obtaining a sustainable power generation from fossil fuels, especially coal. Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration within deep underground reservoirs is indicated as one of the most promising techniques which, however, implies a complex multidisciplinary effort involving a number of hydrological, geomechanical and geochemical issues. In the present contribution a geomechanical modeling study of the CO2 disposal into an offshore multi-compartment saline aquifer located at about 1500 m depth in the Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy, is discussed. The study assumes a CO2 injection rate of 1×10 6 ton/a and shows that a safe and permanent containment may be secured over a few years only for the considered distributions of the petrophysical properties and initial in-situ stress and pore pressure.

ABSTRAKHutan tanaman kayu putih dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan ekonomi dan jasa lingkungan. Namun kajian tentang peran tanaman kayu putih dalam menghasilkan jasa lingkungan berupa penyimpanan karbon belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi simpanan karbon pada ranting-daun kayu putih yang siap pangkas. Alat yang digunakan adalah timbangan digital, kompas, dan parang. Bahan penelitian adalah tegakan kayu putih yang berumur 23-43 di KPH Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petak 31 KPH Yogyakarta didominasi oleh tegakan kayu putih berumur 23 tahun (52%) dengan potensi simpanan karbon pada ranting-daun kayu putih sebesar 545,6 gr/pohon. Tegakan kayu putih yang memiliki produktivitas terbesar adalah tegakan umur 33 tahun dimana simpanan karbonnya sebesar 807,7 gr/pohon dengan kerapatan tegakan 2.325 pohon/ha. Total simpanan karbon pada ranting-daun kayu putih untuk tegakan berumur 23, 27, 31, 33, 40, 41, dan 43 tahun secara berturut-turut adalah 36,50 ton, 1,58 ton, 10,70 ton, 2,83 ton, 3,61 ton, dan 5,90 ton. Dengan demikian, potensi total simpanan karbon pada ranting-daun kayu putih di petak 31 mencapai 65,04 ton.Kata kunci: hasil hutan bukan kayu, biomasa, jasa lingkungan, karbon, kayu putihABSTRACTCajuput plantation can be utilized for economic and environmental services purposes. However, studies on the role of cajuput plants to produce environmental services, especially as carbon storage have not been carried out. This study aim is determining the potential of carbon storage in leave-twigs of cajuput that are ready to be harvested. The research equipment are digital scales, compass, and knife. The research material is cajuput stand at 23-43 years at KPH Yogyakarta. The results showed that at compartment 31 of KPH Yogyakarta were dominated by stand on age 23 years (52%) which the carbon storage was 545,6 gr/tree. Cajuput stand that produces the higher carbon storage was the stand in which the age is 33 years. The carbon storage at age 23 years is 807,7 gr/tree and the stand density is 2.325 trees/ha. The total leave-twigs’ carbon storage at age of 23, 27, 31, 33, 40, 41, 43 were 36,5 tons, 1,58 tons, 10,70 tons, 2,83 tons, 3,61 tons, and 5,90 tons respectively. Thus, the potential of total carbon storage in cajuput’s leave-twigs at compartment 31 is 65,04 tons.Keywords: non-timber forest products, biomass, environmental services, carbon, cajuput

Sweden aspires to become totally carbon dioxide-neutral by 2045. Indisputably, what is needed is not just a reduction in the emissions of CO2 (greenhouse gases in general) from the technosphere, but also a manipulated diversion of CO2 from the atmosphere to ‘traps’ in the lithosphere, technosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The case study in this paper focused on Stockholm Exergi’s proposed waste-to-energy incineration plant in Lövsta, which is keen on incorporating carbon capture and storage (CCS), but is also interested in understanding the potential of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCU/S) in helping it to achieve ‘carbon-dioxide-negativity’. Waste-to-energy incineration plants (in cases where the petro-plastics in the waste mix can be substantially reduced) are a key component of a circular bio-economy, though the circularity here pertains to recovering energy from materials which may or may not be recyclable. CCS (storage in the North Sea) was compared with CCU/S (CO2 sintered into high-quality building blocks made of recycled slag from the steel sector) from techno-economic and environmental perspectives. The comparative analysis shows, inter alia, that a hybridized approach—a combination of CCS and CCU/S—is worth investing in. CCU/S, at the time of writing, is simply a pilot project in Belgium, a possible creatively-destructive technology which may or may not usurp prominence from CCS. The authors believe that political will and support with incentives, subsidies, and tax rebates are indispensable to motivate investments in such ground-breaking technologies and moving away from the easier route of paying carbon taxes or purchasing emission rights.

Assessing carbon (C) capture and storage potential by the agroforestry practice of windbreaks has been limited. This is due, in part, to a lack of suitable data and associated models for estimating tree biomass and C for species growing under more open- grown conditions such as windbreaks in the Central PlainsregionoftheUnitedStates (U.S.).Weevaluated 15 allometric models using destructively sampled Pinus ponderosa (Lawson & C. Lawson) data from field windbreaks in Nebraska and Montana. Several goodness-of-fit metrics were used to select the optimal model. The Jenkins' et al. model was then used to estimate biomass for 16 tree species in windbreaks projected over a 50 year time horizon in nine conti- nental U.S. regions. Carbon storage potential in the windbreak scenarios ranged from 1.07 ± 0.21 to 3.84 ± 0.04 Mg C ha -1 year -1 for conifer species and from 0.99 ± 0.16 to 13.6 ± 7.72 Mg C ha -1 year -1 for broadleaved deciduous species during the 50 year period. Estimated mean C storage potentials across species and regions were 2.45 ± 0.42 and 4.39 ± 1.74 Mg C ha -1 year -1 forconifer and broad- leaved deciduous species, respectively. Such infor- mation enhances our capacity to better predict the C sequestration potential of windbreaks associated with whole farm/ranch operations in the U.S.

Generalized functionals for qualification of geological carbon storage injection sites

Costs and Potential of Carbon Capture and Storage at an Integrated Steel Mill

<p>Biochar additions to agricultural fields could greatly increase the carbon sink potential of sugarcane plantations, turning abundant crop residues into highly recalcitrant forms. Biochar not only stores carbon but the production process is energy positive. Gradual improvement to soil cation exchange capacity and bulk density may benefit nutrient and water retention, potentially mitigating some effects of climate change.</p><p>Relatively little is known about the kinetics of biochar carbon decay since accumulation over decades to centuries is not directly observed. Modelling decay based on known biotic and abiotic factors in soil and climate requires knowledge of biochar sub-pools, specifically their size and rate constants.</p><p>Here we have used accelerated chemical ageing as a proxy for oxidative ageing in soils. The resulting partitioning of biochar recalcitrance with mean residence time of up to 10,000 years allows extraction of decay parameters without resorting to extrapolation from short-term study. We compared carbon accumulation using 1, 2 and 3 biochar pools based on differently adapted versions of the RothC soil carbon model.</p><p>Results from sensitivity analyses will be presented in terms of biochar type, model structure and climate.  These will be illustrated in the context of the sugarcane system of Sao Paulo, Brazil, under current and potential future climate.</p>

Carbon sequestration and storage potential of urban green in residential yards: A case study from Helsinki

Correlation of potential carbon and carbon storage in several forest ecosystems and agricultural lands of Aceh Besar, Indonesia

Soil carbon (C) storage potential has received considerable attention for its role in climate change mitigation, and much research work has been devoted to studying the effect of land‐use change, including land abandonment, on carbon dynamics. A comparative analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC), easily extractable Bradford‐reactive soil protein (EE‐BRSP) and Bradford‐reactive soil protein (BRSP) was carried out at monthly intervals in a land‐use sequence including cultivated soils, forest soils, shrubs and pasture in northeast Spain. In general, greater seasonal variations of both EE‐BRSP and BRSP were found in soils with less carbon storage capacity. Turnover of glomalin into more stable C forms was associated with a small EE‐BRSP:BRSP ratio in better structured soils and BRSP was related to organic carbon, suggesting positive contributions to both the recalcitrant carbon pool and soil structure. This effect seemed to be more pronounced in August when more BRSP was found, probably because of high temperature and dry soils in which glomalin may react to preserve residual adsorbed water and provide better protection in soil microsites. The role of glomalin was further enhanced by the structural stability of aggregates (WSA) investigated in two aggregate fractions (0.25–2.00 and 2.00–5.60 mm), indicating its beneficial effect in aggregation and carbon storage potential. BRSP, SOC and WSA increased significantly ( P < 0.001) along the transect and abandonment sequence; the largest WSA values were generally greater in summer in both aggregate fractions. However, values in cultivated soils were always smaller than in soils under shrubs and pasture. Similarly, soils with a smaller carbon pool had the largest proportion of carbon loss as CO 2 ‐C when land use changes from vines to pasture. The role of aggregates in protecting organic carbon against mineralization was therefore postulated and highlighted the importance of soil monitoring after land abandonment.

Deepwater fields in the Offshore Brazil Campos Basin are located approximately 260 km from shore. Gas fields in this ultra-deep-water region are associated with high CO2 content, with deeper reservoirs at a depth of 6000 meters. Therefore, screening for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is crucial to identify suitable nearby storage sites in Campos Basin, thereby mitigating CO2 emissions during the production phases of these high CO2 fields. These deepwater hydrocarbon fields are characterized by their CO2 content, ranging from 15 to 30%, which corresponds to approximately 0.6 to 3.8 Tcf of storage capacity. Various geological settings, such as coalbeds, saline aquifers, or depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, can be targeted for CO2 storage. The study emphasized reservoir characterization evaluation, containment risk assessment, and storage capacity at selected nearby saline aquifers and current producing fields within relevant reservoir depths and volumes for storage. This included additional data from other studies, such as geomechanical and geochemical analyses, and injectivity assessments. The high-level CCS screening was conducted using acceptable assumptions and relevant data inputs to conclude a standard screening assessment, ultimately justifying the CO2 management strategy to be integrated into the field development plan. Additional high-level analysis was conducted on geomechanical, geochemical, and well-scale injectivity assessments to partially meet the standard screening requirements and to mitigate the CO2 injectivity uncertainty into the targeted reservoir. Containment targets were delineated from pre-salt Aptian Macabu Carbonate and post-salt Albian Quissama Carbonate, as well as post- salt clastic formations spanning from the Cretaceous to the Miocene age. Miocene sands have a higher risk due to the absence of seal rock. The post-salt Carapebus turbidite sandstone succession, which includes Namorado sand, Santonian/Turonian sand, and Eocene sand units, is the major prolific reservoir in the nearshore oil field, with ~27% porosity. The pre-salt carbonate is the major oil province in the deepwater region, with ~15% porosity. In the nearshore region, the Quissama Carbonate serves as an oil reservoir with ~20% porosity, but in deeper saline aquifers, it is often characterized by tight carbonate due to overburden and low permeability. Both carbonate formations developed as isolated platforms at the top of basement highs (pre-salt), positioned up-dip of salt bodies (post-salt), rendering them well-preserved within suitable stratigraphic and structural traps with turbidite shale and salt as effective seal rocks, resulting in their classification as low-risk containment targets. Although thick salt bodies provide effective sealing for pre-salt reservoirs, their classification as medium to high-risk containment targets is based on their generally low to medium porosity range. The study identified the most promising storage sites: one nearby saline aquifer field with a total capacity of 0.8 Tcf and one nearshore hydrocarbon field with a total capacity of 1.4 Tcf (Trillion cubic feet). However, a more detailed examination of these fields is necessary. Additionally, conducting another screening for in-situ storage potential would help in developing a more cost-effective storage plan.

VeritasDGC. Summary We present a new approach to the simultaneous pre-stack inversion of PP and, optionally, PS angle gathers for the estimation of P-impedance, S-impedance and density. Our algorithm is based on three assumptions. The first is that the linearized approximation for reflectivity holds. The second is that PP and PS reflectivity as a function of angle can be given by the Aki-Richards equations (Aki and Richards, 2002). The third is that there is a linear relationship between the logarithm of P-impedance and both S-impedance and density. Given these three assumptions, we show how a final estimate of Pimpedance, S-impedance and density can be found by perturbing an initial P-impedance model. After a description of the algorithm, we then apply our method to both model and real data sets.

Current Status of Global Storage Resources

The technology of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is an important component of carbon neutral technology systems. To confirm the carbon storage potential of CO2 foamed concrete (CFC), this study addressed the principle of carbon storage in CFC materials. It is apparent that carbon storage of CFC materials includes carbon fixation in concrete skeletons and carbon storage in CFC bubbles. The carbon fixation of CFC skeletons is realized by CO2 mineralization. As the concrete skeleton in CFC is in the CO2 atmosphere, the carbonation of CFC materials or CO2 mineralization is more complete. Research shows that the carbonation rate of CFC materials can reach almost 30% after acidification, foaming with high CO2 pressure and curing in the atmosphere. The carbonation rate is higher than the rate in concrete curing with CO2. A mathematical model was established to calculate carbon fixation capacity in CFC materials, and the carbon fixation and storage capacity in CFC material were estimated. The results showed that more than 99% carbon storage of CFC was realized by the chemical carbonization of the concrete skeleton. Comparatively, the potential of carbon storage in the bubble of CFC was small. In this study, carbon storage capacity was divided into three categories, i.e., theoretical maximum capacity, relative reliable capacity, and expected capacity or potential. The carbonation rate for theoretical maximum capacity was 100%, when all the concrete was considered to be carbonated. As the carbonation rate of concrete during the whole life cycle is approximately 55% all over the world, 50% was set as the carbonation rate for relative reliable capacity calculation. If at high temperatures, CO2 curing with high pressure or accessory ingredients applied to silicate concrete can improve carbonation rate to be over 80%, when the carbon storage capacity is considered to be expected capacity or potential. In 2017-2021, the theoretical maximum capacity of carbon storage was 3.623×109 t CO2 in China, with 7.25×108 t·a-1. The relative reliable capacity was 3.75×108 t·a-1, and the expected capacity was 5.80×108 t·a-1. If the carbonation rate was 30%, the carbon storage of concrete produced annually in China during the whole life cycle reached 2.18×108 t, which was more than the carbon sink of Daxing'anling forest for one year. In coal electricity integrated mining areas and large thermal, metallurgical, cement chemical, and other high-energy consuming enterprises, CFC has a good prospect of development to promote the recycling of solid waste and waste gas. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that the stability of CFC before solidification is a technical problem to be solved in the next step.

There will be future development of hydrocarbon fields with high CO2 content in Malaysia. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is required in order to develop these fields, since venting and flaring of CO2 to atmosphere is not allowed. Reducing CO2 emission will impact to environments and climate change. On the storage part, integrated study needs to be conducted to ensure the field is suitable as storage site. The main objective of this paper is focusing on the important advanced analysis and assessments for maturing potential CO2 storage sites, which is called Storage Development Plan (SDP). The evaluations and analyses will cover 4 major areas, which are Storage Capacity/Injectivity; Containment; Well Integrity; and Monitoring, Measurement and Verification (MMV). These evaluations and analyses are conducted in order to assess the subsurface risk, reduce uncertainties and mitigation plan in maturing the fields as storage sites. Integrated screening and maturation assessments of potential storage sites must be conducted in order to identify the most suitable CO2 storage sites. The Storage capacity/injectivity analyses will cover estimation of CO2 storage capacity, optimum injectivity strategy, sensitivity on CO2 injection scenarios, and study on porosity-permeability changes, trapping mechanism and long-term fate study. Containment analyses will cover assessment of containment/seal integrity, possible leakage risk pathways, evaluation of compaction and subsidence to hold injected CO2 as long-term storage solution. Well Integrity analyses will cover the evaluation of well integrity and leakage assessments through existing wells, assessment of existing wells for conversion and propose cost-effective mitigation plan. Monitoring, Measurement and Verification (MMV) will cover monitoring and verification of CO2 injection performance and behavior consistent with prediction on capacity and injectivity, monitoring seal integrity, monitoring compaction and subsidence, and ensuring containment that address health, safety and environment. This advances analysis and maturation assessments provide solution to mature the best suitable storage sites for development of hydrocarbon fields with high CO2 content. This Storage Development Plan (SDP) would form a benchmark of advance analyses and assessments for maturing the CO2 storage sites in Malaysia and elsewhere in the world. This will be integrated study consists of overburden, reservoir, laboratory, well integrity and MMV studies. This integrated study will reduce the subsurface uncertainty and mitigate the identified risk for any fields that are selected as storage site. This greatly aids to optimize and commercialize the future development of hydrocarbon fields with high CO2 content.