Predicting Preventive Behaviors of Osteoporosis Based on Health Belief Model Among Menopausal Women: A Descriptive-correlational Study

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases and is the silent epidemic of this age group. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of application of health belief model on Osteoporosis' knowledge and preventive behaviors among Child Bearing Women. Design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Sample: A purposive sample of ninety (90) women who attended the maternal and child health centers for antenatal follow up or for other maternal and child health services. Setting: This study was carried out at 5 maternal and child health care centers that are chosen randomly for application of osteoporosis prevention program from 50 maternal and child health care centers at El-Qualiobia Governorate. Tools: Data were collected through: A self-administered questionnaire to assess women characteristics and knowledge regarding osteoporosis prevention, health belief model to assess perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and cues to action to practice osteoporosis preventive behaviors. Results: There were highly statistically significant differences after implementing osteoporosis prevention program based on health belief model regarding osteoporosis' knowledge and preventive behaviors among child bearing women. The mean scores of perceived susceptibility and severity of osteoporosis, as well as perceived benefits of early detection and cues to action to practice osteoporosis prevention behaviors were significantly higher. There were positive highly statistically significant correlations between total knowledge and total health beliefs scores of the studied women before and after program implementation. Conclusion: The implementing osteoporosis prevention based on health belief model enhances women knowledge; change positively health beliefs and cues to action regarding practice of osteoporosis preventive behaviors. Recommendation: Dissemination of implementing osteoporosis prevention based on health belief model among women at different age group to prevent the risk of osteoporosis.

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases and is the silent epidemic of this era. Objectives: This study evaluates the effect of education that is based on the health belief model on promoting osteoporosis prevention behaviors among female high school students. Methods: In this two-group interventional study, 172 students age 11 to 14 years (experimental group = 86 subjects; control group = 86 subjects) were randomly selected from Khorramshahr high schools using multistage sampling. Data were collected before the intervention and two months after its completion using a researcher-made questionnaire with four parts: demographic questions, knowledge questions, questions related to the health belief model constructs, and questions regarding preventive behaviors. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 software and by applying the Mann-Whitney test, the analysis of covariance procedure, and the Wilcoxon statistical test. Results: After the intervention, significant statistical differences were seen between the experimental and control groups in mean scores of knowledge, health belief model constructs, and preventive behaviors. Conclusions: The education based on health belief model plays an important role in increasing knowledge and improving osteoporosis prevention behaviors in students.

Measures such as education, improving knowledge, attitude and taking preventive action to protect against COVID-19 are vital strategies for prevention. The aim of this study was to determine the predictability of Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs in performing preventive behaviors against COVID-19 among secondary school students in Chabahar, Iran. In this cross-sectional-analytical study, 400 secondary school students of Chabahar city were investigated by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge, behavior, and Health Belief Model constructs’ questions. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to evaluate the validity of HBM constructs, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of the relationship between knowledge, HBM constructs, and preventive behavior against COVID-19 based on the conceptual model. Based on the results of the structural modeling, the direct effect of knowledge on the constructs of the health belief model was positive and significant (β = 0.34, P-value < 0.001), and on the preventive behavior of students was insignificant (β = 0.12, P-value = 0.07) while the indirect effect of knowledge through increasing the constructs of the HBM on student behavior was positive and significant (β = 0.30, P < 0.001). The relationship between the constructs of the HBM constructs and student behavior was also positive and significant (β = 0.89, P-value < 0.001).Due to the fact that knowledge and HBM structures played a role in predicting the adoption of preventive behavior from COVID-19, it is possible to design appropriate interventions to increase knowledge, sensitivity, perceived severity, and self-efficacy, in order to recover from COVID-19 by adopting preventive behaviors.

Efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 within the United States have been compromised by varying levels of engagement in preventive behaviors, such as mask wearing, social distancing and vaccine uptake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential predictors of both (1) engagement in behaviors aimed at reducing the spread of COVID-19 and (2) intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19. It was hypothesized that Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs would predict each outcome. Additionally, given the politicization of the pandemic in the US, HBM constructs were considered as possible mediators of a relationship between political party affiliation and each outcome. A total of 205 participants completed an online survey, and data from 186 were analyzed using linear and ordinal regressions. Findings indicate that greater perceived response efficacy predicted greater engagement in preventive behaviors and intention to get vaccinated. Other HBM constructs were not significant predictors of either outcome. Mediation analyses indicated that affiliation with the Republican Party predicted reduced engagement in preventive health behaviors and vaccination intention, although effects were fully and partially mediated by lower levels of response efficacy. Understanding the predictors of adherence to recommended strategies is essential to developing effective public health campaigns that address risk factors for non-adherence and target those least likely to adhere. Public health interventions aimed at reducing the spread of COVID-19 in the US should emphasize the efficacy of preventive behaviors and encourage public trust in the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines, particularly among Republicans.

Background: One mode of HIV transmission is through the high-risk behaviors among people who are HIV-positive. It is, therefore, exceedingly important to understand the factors predicting preventive healthy behaviors regarding HIV transmission in this population. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the extended health belief model (HBM) in predicting preventive behavior changes among HIV-infected patients in Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the census sampling was applied and 139 HIV-positive patients in Saravan, Zarandieh, and Sarbaz cities of Iran were selected to participate in this study. In total, 131 participants completed and returned the anonymous self-administered questionnaires in 2016. The questionnaire included demographic questions, HBM (HBM) constructs, and the questions of Zimet social support. Data analysis was performed using SPSS18. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The HBM constructs with and without social support accounted for 62% and 56% of the behavior variance, respectively. In the first model (HBM construct alone), perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and benefits were the significant predictors. In the second model (HBM developed with social support), perceived barriers, social support, self-efficacy, and benefits were the better predictors of preventive behaviors, in sequence (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings indicated that the extended model of HBM predicted preventive behaviors better than the original HBM did. However, more studies are needed to examine the efficacy of the extended HBM in predicting preventive behaviors. Keywords: AIDS; Health Belief Model; HIV; Social Support

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a model that explains causal relationships between post-meno- pausal women's osteoporosis general knowledge and awareness of their own bone mass density(BMD) and their osteoporosis health beliefs and preventive behaviors. Methods: Retrospective design using structural equation model tested seven variables by using questionnaires of osteoporosis knowledge test, osteoporosis health belief scale, osteoporosis self-efficacy scale, and osteoporosis preventive behaviors scale. 162 middle age and post-menopausal women were recruited. Results: Mediating effect of health beliefs was not significant in the rela- tionship between BMD awareness and preventive behaviors. Instead, BMD awareness had a direct influence on the preventive behaviors that is strong and significant. Between the relationship of the BMD awareness and health beliefs, direct pathways of perceived threat, relative benefits, and self-efficacy were not significant. However, rela- tive benefits and self-efficacy showed direct influence on the preventive behaviors. Conclusion: Having middle age women get their BMD test done in order for them to be aware of their own BMD results might be a critical strategy to promote osteoporosis preventive behaviors. There is a need to develop diverse strategies to enhance their self- efficacy which has been shown to be important to osteoporosis preventive behaviors.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has become one of the biggest challenges to global health and economy. The present study aimed to explore the factors related to preventive health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khuzestan Province, South of Iran, using the Health Belief Model (HBM).MethodsThe present cross-sectional study was conducted in the period between July 2020 and September 2020. A total of 1090 people from Khuzestan province participated in the study. The data collection method included a multistage cluster sampling method with a random selection of provincial of health centers. The questionnaire collected socio-demographic information and HBM constructs (e.g., perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action, and COVID-19 preventive behaviors). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test, hierarchical multiple linear regression, and SPSS version 22.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 35.53 ± 11.53, more than half of them were female (61.6%) and married (65.3). The results showed that 27% of the variance in the COVID-19 preventive behaviors was explained by HBM constructs. The regression analysis indicated that female gender (β = 0.11), perceived benefits (β = 0.10), perceived barriers (β = − 0.18), external cues to action (β = 0.25), and internal cues to action (β = 0.12) were significantly associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors (p < 0.05).ConclusionDesigning an educational intervention on the basis of HBM might be considered as a framework for the correction of beliefs and adherence to COVID-19 behavior. Health information campaigns need to (1) emphasize the benefits of preventive behaviors including avoiding the likelihood of getting a chronic disease and complications of the disease, (2) highlight the tips and advice to overcome the barriers (3) provide cues to action by means of showing various reminders in social media (4) focusing on adoption of COVID-19-related preventive behaviors, especially among men.

Background:Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the health belief model (HBM) and social cognitive theory (SCT) for osteoporosis preventive nutritional behaviors in women.Materials and Methods:In this quasi-experimental study, 120 patients who were women and registered under the health centers in Fasa City, Fars Province, Iran were selected. A questionnaire consisting of HBM constructs and the constructs of self-regulation and social support from SCT was used to measure nutrition performance. Bone mineral density was recorded at the lumbar spine and femur. The intervention for the experimental group included 10 educational sessions of 55-60 min of speech, group discussion, questions and answers, as well as posters and educational pamphlets, film screenings, and PowerPoint displays. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 via Chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05.Results:After intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the HBM constructs, self-regulation, social support, and nutrition performance, compared to the control group. Six months after the intervention, the value of lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) T-score increased to 0.127 in the experimental group, while it reduced to −0.043 in the control group. The value of the hip BMD T-score increased to 0.125 in the intervention group, but it decreased to −0.028 in the control group.Conclusions:This study showed the effectiveness of HBM and constructs of self-regulation and social support on adoption of nutrition behaviors and increase in the bone density to prevent osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis represents a significant health concern as a widespread metabolic bone condition. In this study, we aim to utilize path analysis to examine the intricate relationships among demographic information, Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs and osteoporosis preventive behavior among Shanghai residents over 40 years of age. A multi-center population study was conducted in 20 volunteer communities in Shanghai, China. Out of the 2,000 participants who volunteered, 1,903 completed the field survey. 56.0% of participants were females. Their mean age was 63.64 ± 10.30 years. The self-efficacy score among females (42.27 ± 15.82) was also significantly higher than that among males (40.68 ± 15.20). in the pathway analysis. In the path analysis preventive behaviors were significantly predicted by education (β = 0.082, p < 0.001), knowledge (β = 0.132, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (β = 0.392, p < 0.001). This study highlights the importance of gender, education, knowledge and self-efficacy in promoting OP preventive behaviors using the Health Belief Model. The findings emphasize the need for tailored interventions to address the specific needs of different demographic groups.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignant cancer, and after lung cancer, is the second cause of death among all types of cancer in men. This study was done to assess the educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model on the promotion of preventive behaviors of prostate cancer among military men. The present study is a semi-experimental study that was conducted on 80 men of a military collection by using randomized-stratified sampling with proportional allocation approach in BandarAbbas in 2017. The individuals were randomly divided into two groups, intervention (n = 40) and control (n = 40). The data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic questions, knowledge questions and questions about Health Belief Model constructs and efficiency of preventive behavior that was completed in two stages and PSA Test doing. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software-version 21-, descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent T-test and paired T-test). After three months intervention, the mean score of Perceived Susceptibility, Severity, Benefits, Barriers, Self-Efficacy, and preventive behavior performance were seen significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05), 52.5% of them was done PSA Test. Based on the health belief model, educational intervention has been effective in promoting preventive behaviors. According the effect of Health Belief Model components on preventive behaviors it is suggested that health care providers identify the benefits and barriers of preventative behaviors and through enhancing the benefits and reducing the barriers, help men to prevent prostate cancer.

The current research assessed Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, sexual behaviour, and drug use practices in 123 heterosexual IDUs (62 men and 61 women) who were seronegative for HIV. Results indicated that HBM variables significantly explained 25% of the variance in condom usage in IDU men. Higher reports of condom usage were associated with negative attitudes related to condom discomfort, inconvenience, and acceptance; positive attitudes related to perceptions of condoms as adding excitement to sex; positive attitudes regarding condom efficacy and lower perceived susceptibility for AIDS. Alcohol, marijuana, and methadone usage explained an additional 21% of the variance in condom usage with alcohol use contributing positively to condom use while the other substances had negative contributions. HBM constructs did not significantly explain the variance in other risk behaviours in this group, however, control variables contributed to significant proportions of the variance in risky practices. HBM components did not significantly explain any of the variance in the sexual behaviours of IDU women, but demographic variables and substance use behaviours contributed to the variance in a number of sexual practices in this group. Based upon these findings, implications for clinical intervention are discussed.

BackgroundOral health during pregnancy is critical for both maternal and neonatal outcomes, yet awareness and preventive behaviors remain suboptimal. This study evaluated the effect of a web-based educational intervention, grounded in the Health Belief Model (HBM), on caries-preventive oral health behaviors in pregnant women.MethodsIn a quasi-experimental design, 66 pregnant women in Bushehr, Iran, were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a multimedia web-based education program based on HBM constructs, while the control group received routine care. Data on knowledge, HBM constructs, and preventive behaviors were collected before and three months after the intervention using validated questionnaires. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA to compare changes over time between groups.ResultsPost-intervention, the intervention group showed significant improvements in knowledge and most HBM constructs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy) compared to controls (p < 0.05). Although preventive oral health behaviors increased significantly within the intervention group (p = 0.022), between-group differences in behavior change were not statistically significant (p = 0.171).ConclusionThe web-based educational program effectively enhanced pregnant women’s knowledge and health beliefs regarding oral health but did not produce a statistically significant improvement in preventive behaviors compared to routine care. Integrating HBM-based web education offers a flexible, cost-effective approach to promote oral health awareness during pregnancy, though further strategies may be needed to translate knowledge gains into sustained behavioral change.

Background:Women of all ages are a population at risk for osteoporosis; the key prevention method for osteoporosis is that of the educational programs using a behavior change model. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the education program using the health belief model on knowledge and health beliefs towards osteoporosis prevention among women attending primary health care centers. The research hypothesis:The experimental group women who involved in the education program will be expected to demonstrate higher levels of knowledge and stronger health beliefs of osteoporosis than the control group women who not involved. Design:A quasi?experimental study. Methods: The purposive sample included 200 women who were assigned into two groups.Experimental (N = 100) and control (N = 100) were selected from two family health centers. Two tools were used. 1) Women Structured Interviewing Questionnaire involving demographic characteristics and osteoporosis knowledge test (OKT). 2) Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS). Results:Post and follow-up program implementation, a significant increment was found in comparison with the control group in the mean scores of the experimental group in the OKT and OHBS (p <0.000). Conclusion:The developed osteoporosis education program using the health belief model had a remarkable and significant impact on improving women's knowledge and their health beliefs regarding osteoporosis prevention behaviors. Recommendation:Primary healthcare programs regarding osteoporosis preventive strategies using the health belief model should be implemented on a routine base in all healthcare centers.

Background: Self-medication is one of the most important social, health, and economic challenges of many countries, especially Iran. Objectives: Therefore, this study aimed to predict the adoption of self-medication prevention behaviors according to Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs in the women attending health centers of Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Methods: The participants of the present investigation were 180 women residing in Bandar Abbas in 2016. Convenient sampling method was applied to select the participants. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing questions on demographic information, as well as the HBM constructs. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 19 using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the participants was 30.8 ± 8.6 years. Among the HBM constructs, it was found that there was a positive relationship between the perceived susceptibility and perceived severity that the relationship was 0.231 at the significant 2-tailed level of 0.01. While, there was a negative correlation between the perceived barriers and perceived benefits that the relationship was -0.231 at the significant 2-tailed level of 0.01. The results of multiple regression analysis represented that considering HBM constructs, only R2 = 0.048 of the self-medication preventive behaviors could be explained (R2 = 0.048, P = 0.042). Conclusions: Regarding the results of this study, only four percent of Health Belief Model Constructs could predict the preventive behavior in self-medication. Based on the weak prediction of model constructs and the findings of this study, there is a need to focus on the benefits, perceived susceptibility, and perceived barriers in designing health promotion programs.

ObjectiveDental traumas are one of the most common reasons for children to visit the dentist. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of mothers’ behavior based on the health belief model (HBM) for the prevention of dental trauma in 7–12-year-old children.MethodsThe current cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 mothers in Kashan city in 19 September 2023 to 2 March 2024 included in the study by multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire consisting of demographic information, Knowledge, constructs of HBM, and preventive behavior for dental trauma. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 and descriptive statistics (standard deviation, mean, median and range), inferential tests (Pearson correlation coefficient, regression) and path analysis to test the direct and indirect effect of model constructs on the dependent variable by AMOS software.ResultsKnowledge (r = 0.365, P < 0.001), perceived benefits (r = 0.166, P < 0.001), and self-efficacy (r = 0.425, P < 0.001) had a positive correlation and perceived barriers (r = −0.313, P < 0.001) had a negative correlation and a significant relationship with mothers’ preventive behaviors. Knowledge, perceived barriers and self-efficacy explained and predicted a total of 33% of preventive behavior changes (R-Square=0.329). In the path analysis, self-efficacy (β = 0.327, P < 0.001), knowledge (β = 0.251, P < 0.001) and perceived barriers (β = −0.242, P < 0.001) had the most direct effect, and perceived severity (β = −0.017), perceived susceptibility (β = −0.004), and perceived benefits (β = 0.092) had an indirect effect on mothers’ preventive behaviors (P < 0.05).ConclusionKnowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers were key predictors of mothers’ preventive behaviors. Interventions should target these factors to improve dental trauma prevention in children. The HBM effectively identified these predictors.