Abstract
Bone is a preferred site for both primary and metastasis tumors. Current diagnosis of osteopathia typically relies on noninvasive skeleton radiography technology. However, due to the limited resolution of ionizing radiation, accurate diagnosis and effective identification impairment areas are still lacking. Near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, especially in the NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) regions, can provide high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution bioimaging compared to the conventional radiography. Thus, NIR bioimaging affords intraoperative visualization and imaging-guided surgery, aiming to overcome challenges associated with theranostics of osteopathia and bone tumors. The present review aimed to summarize the latest evidence on the use of NIR probes for the targeting bone imaging. We further highlight the recent advances in bone photoX (X presents thermal, dynamic, and immuno) therapy through NIR probes, in particular combination with other customized therapeutic agents could provide high-efficiency treatment for bone tumors.
Highlights
Bone tumors are generally classified into orthotopic tumors and metastatic tumors
Varieties of imaging techniques are used in the clinical practice, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission tomography (SPECT)
The signal-tobackground ratio (SBR) of the NIR-II dye administrated tumor model was significantly improved, and tumor lesions less than 1 mm can be clearly detected (Zhou et al, 2020) (Figure 3). This deep penetration depth and high imaging contrast allow NIR-II probes to clearly outline the small indentation in the bone and precisely determine the status of bone osteoporosis in mice, which is more sensitive than the commonly used quantitative computed tomography (QCT) (Zhang et al, 2021)
Summary
Bone tumors are generally classified into orthotopic tumors and metastatic tumors. Osteosarcoma is the most common orthotopic bone cancer and the third most common cancer among children and adolescents (Simpson and Brown, 2018). Compared to traditional diagnosis modalities, NIR fluorescence imaging offers advantages in biosafety, imaging resolution, and speed (Liu et al, 2019). This technique could integrate multiplexing of signals and evaluate interactions between bone-specific molecular targets, the microenvironment, and tumor metastasis (Cho and Shokeen, 2019). Overwhelming binding affinity of the imaging probe results in excessive deposition of the probe in the bone cortex, blurring the imaging resolution of cancellous bone (Harrison and Cooper, 2015) This phenomenon can affect the precise assessment of the bone state and fail to diagnose the tiny lesions (Hashimoto et al, 2020).
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