Pre-service teachers' explicit and implicit stereotypes towards pupils with different special educational needs.

Implicit Bias and Philosophy: Metaphysics and Epistemology, Volume 1

In this study, a new market representation from persistence homology, known as the L1-norm time series, is used and applied independently with three critical slowing down indicators [autocorrelation function at lag 1, variance, and mean for power spectrum (MPS)] to examine two historical financial crises (Dotcom crash and Lehman Brothers bankruptcy) in the US market. The captured signal is the rising trend in the indicator time series, which can be determined by Kendall's tau correlation test. Furthermore, we examined Pearson's and Spearman's rho correlation tests as potential substitutes for Kendall's tau correlation. After that, we determined a correlation threshold and predicted the whole available date. The point of comparison between these correlation tests is to determine which test is significant and consistent in classifying the rising trend. The results of such a comparison will suggest the best test that can classify the observed rising trend and detect early warning signals (EWSs) of impending financial crises. Our outcome shows that the L1-norm time series is more likely to increase before the two financial crises. Kendall's tau, Pearson's, and Spearman's rho correlation tests consistently indicate a significant rising trend in the MPS time series before the two financial crises. Based on the two evaluation scores (the probability of successful anticipation and probability of erroneous anticipation), by using the L1-norm time series with MPS, our result in the whole prediction demonstrated that Spearman's rho correlation (46.15 and 53.85%) obtains the best score as compared to Kendall's tau (42.31 and 57.69%) and Pearson's (40 and 60%) correlations. Therefore, by using Spearman's rho correlation test, L1-norm time series with MPS is shown to be a better way to detect EWSs of US financial crises.

Postpartum Preeclampsia and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Background: Lesbian women are 25% less likely to receive cervical cancer screening than other women which contributes to lesbian women’s higher risk for cervical cancer. The purposes of this study were to measure primary care providers' (PCPs) bias toward lesbian women and to assess the association of PCPs’ implicit and explicit bias toward lesbian women with PCPs’ recommendations for cervical cancer screening in this population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 182 PCPs in Kentucky completed a web-based survey that included a clinical vignette, an Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit bias measures. PCP’s bias was analyzed descriptively. Two-sample t-tests compared bias scores between PCPs who recommended and did not recommend cervical cancer screening for a lesbian woman. Multiple linear regression determined demographic predictors of implicit and explicit bias. Results: The PCP participants average IAT score (possible score range -2.00 to +2.00) was 0.34 with positive scores indicating preferences for heterosexual women and negative scores indicating preferences for lesbian women. There was no association between IAT scores and PCPs’ cervical cancer screening recommendations for lesbian women (p = .15). PCPs who supported same sex marriage (p < .001) and same-sex partners’ adoption of children (p < .02) and those who were less religious (p < 0.1) had significantly lower IAT scores. Characteristics such as type of PCP, age, and years in practice were not significantly associated with PCPs’ implicit and explicit bias. Conclusions: PCPs’ implicit and explicit bias was not associated with their cervical cancer screening recommendations for lesbian women in this study; however, the PCPs’ had implicit bias toward lesbian women. While not uncommon, this finding supports the need for identification of implicit bias and for implicit bias training to mitigate of PCPs’ bias toward lesbian women to prevent the potential negative effects of PCPs’ implicit bias on cervical cancer screening and other health outcomes for lesbian women. Citation Format: Mollie E. Aleshire, Amanda Fallin-Bennett, Mary Kay Rayens, Keisa Fallin-Bennett, Jennifer Hatcher. Does primary care providers' implicit and explicit bias impact cervical cancer screening recommendations for lesbian women? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-267.

Problem and Purpose Healthcare provider implicit bias influences the learning environment and patient care. Bias awareness is one of the key elements to be included in implicit bias education. Research on education enhancing bias awareness is limited. Bias awareness can motivate behavior change. The objective was to evaluate whether exposure to a brief online course, Implicit Bias in the Clinical and Learning Environment, increased bias awareness. Materials and Methods The course included the history of racism in medicine, social determinants of health, implicit bias in healthcare, and strategies to reduce the impact of implicit bias in clinical care and teaching. A sample of U.S. academic family, internal, and emergency medicine providers were recruited into the study from August to December 2019. Measures of provider implicit and explicit bias, personal and practice characteristics, and pre–post-bias awareness measures were collected. Results Of 111 participants, 78 (70%) were female, 81 (73%) were White, and 63 (57%) were MDs. Providers held moderate implicit pro-White bias on the Race IAT (Cohen’s d = 0.68) and strong implicit stereotypes associating males rather than females with ‘career’ on the Gender-Career IAT (Cohen’s d = 1.15). Overall, providers held no explicit race bias (Cohen’s d = 0.05). Providers reported moderate explicit male-career (Cohen’s d = 0.68) and strong female-family stereotype (Cohen’s d = 0.83). A statistically significant increase in bias awareness was found after exposure to the course (p = 0.03). Provider implicit and explicit biases and personal and practice characteristics were not associated with an increase in bias awareness. Conclusions Implicit bias education is effective to increase providers’ bias awareness regardless of strength of their implicit and explicit biases and personal and practice characteristics. Increasing bias awareness is one step of many toward creating a positive learning environment and a system of more equitable healthcare.

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are at disproportionate risk for poor mental health outcomes, in part due to experiences and expectations of anti-SGM bias including from their own parents. We examined explicit anti-SGM and implicit antisexual minority bias in parents of SGM youth and associations with parenting and parent and youth psychosocial functioning. Heterosexual/cisgender parents (N = 205, Mage = 46.9 years, SD = 8.5) of SGM youth (≤ 29 years old, Mage = 19.4, SD = 4.7) completed an online study including measures of explicit anti-SGM and implicit anti-SM bias, parental acceptance and psychological control, parent-child unfinished business (unresolved negative feelings related to their child's identity), parental depression and anxiety, and youth anxiety, depression, substance use, and exposure to bullying. In models including both explicit anti-SGM and implicit anti-SM bias as predictors of parent and youth outcomes, explicit bias was uniquely associated with lower parental acceptance and greater parental psychological control, parent-child unfinished business, parental anxiety and depression, and youth substance use and exposure to bullying, whereas implicit bias was uniquely associated with greater parent-child unfinished business and parental depression. Further, the combination of high levels of both explicit and implicit bias was associated with the highest levels of parent-child unfinished business, parental depression, and youth anxiety, depression, and exposure to bullying. Results suggest that both types of bias jointly contribute to parenting and parent and youth psychosocial functioning and can help identify families at greatest risk for maladjustment. Findings can inform the development of interventions designed to reduce anti-SGM bias in parents of SGM youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Implicit racial bias has been well studied in adults, including among orthopaedic surgeons, through the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Recent studies suggest implicit race bias is also present among children. Explicit racial preference has been studied in children through The Clark Doll Test since the 1930s. The purpose of this study was to determine whether implicit and explicit racial biases are present among pediatric orthopaedic patients. A prospective, cross-sectional survey was administered to pediatric orthopaedic patients aged 7 to 18 years at clinics in a tertiary pediatric hospital setting. The survey included a Clark Doll Test to determine whether pediatric patients expressed explicit bias, followed by a race IAT to determine whether pediatric patients expressed implicit bias. Preference and magnitude of implicit bias as demonstrated on the IAT was calculated using standard D-scores. A total of 96 patients were consented and included in this study. Overall, pediatric patients demonstrated a slight pro-White implicit bias (M = 0.22) on IAT testing. Pediatric patients who identified as White or European American and Hispanic or Latinx both had the strongest pro-White implicit bias (M = 0.35). Patients who identified as Black or African American demonstrated no implicit racial bias (M = -0.13) on IAT testing. No notable explicit bias was observed in participants of any racial background. This study contributes evidence that pediatric orthopaedic patients express implicit racial bias on IAT testing, with an overall slight pro-White bias. It also provides insight into the dissociation of implicit and explicit racial bias in childhood and adolescence. We encourage future research on implicit bias among pediatric patients in the orthopaedic community to provide a better understanding and possible solutions to bias-related challenges in health care.

Background: The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of a multi-component intervention to reduce kinesiology pre-professionals’ implicit and explicit bias. Method: A pre-post experimental design, which consisted of an experimental group (n = 42) and a control group (n = 36), was conducted to assess the efficacy of the intervention using both implicit and explicit obesity bias measures. Results: On the pre-test, participants did not display overall explicit bias on the Anti-Fat Attitudes Test (AFAT) but had strong implicit bias and bias on the lazy/motivated semantic differential scale. Participation in the intervention reduced explicit bias on the AFAT social character disparagement and weight control/blame subscales but not implicit bias. Conclusion: Implicit bias remains difficult to change and appears to be deep-seated in individuals’ minds. Future interventions may need methods to make sure all participants process and connect emotionally to all information.

In recent years, there has been a surge of discussion, debate, and research on the topic of implicit bias. Implicit bias has become the go-to form of racial bias that many academics, practitioners, and policy makers have identified as important and timely to study (Eberhardt et al., 2004; Levinson and Smith, 2017). Interventions to address implicit racial bias in policing have been particularly popular (Fridell 2008). Arguably, combatting implicit racial bias presents itself as a tool for protecting civil rights. This essay examines the emergence of the implicit bias paradigm as a way to address racial bias in justice system outcomes. The first part provides an overview of implicit bias, including how it is defined, how it is measured, and how it impacts the justice system. The second part examines the term “implicit bias.” This section assesses implicit bias as a social problem and considers whether the label illuminates or obscures the reality of racial bias in the criminal justice system. The discussion considers whether “implicit bias” is viewed as a more appealing approach for dealing with racial bias because it does not assign racial blame. The third part considers the contours of the relationship between implicit bias and explicit bias. The discussion highlights the interconnectedness between the two forms of racial bias. Is the implicit bias approach a signal of racial retrenchment? The final section considers how elementary and secondary education could be used as a proactive strategy for addressing implicit racial bias.

An Institute of Medicine report titled U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health documents the decline in the health status of Americans relative to people in other high-income countries, concluding that “Americans are dying and suffering from illness and injury at rates that are demonstrably unnecessary.”1 The report blames many factors, “adverse economic and social conditions” among them. In an editorial in Science discussing the findings of the Institute of Medicine report, Bayer et al2 call for a national commission on health “to address the social causes that have put the USA last among comparable nations.” Although mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the United States has been on a linear decline since the 1970s, the burden remains high. It accounted for 31.9% of deaths in 2010.3 There is general agreement that the decline is the result, in equal measure, of advances in prevention and advances in treatment. These advances in turn rest on dramatic successes in efforts to understand the biology of CVD that began in the late 1940s.4,5 It has been assumed that the steady downward trend in mortality will continue into the future as further breakthroughs in biological science lead to further advances in prevention and treatment. This view of the future may not be warranted. The prevalence of CVD in the United States is expected to rise 10% between 2010 and 2030.6 This change in the trajectory of cardiovascular burden is the result not only of an aging population but also of a dramatic rise over the past 25 years in obesity and the hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and physical inactivity that accompany weight gain. Although there is no consensus on the precise causes of the obesity epidemic, a dramatic change in the underlying biology of Americans is …

The current study investigated implicit and explicit biases toward obesity among a group of pre-service educators. Educators play a key role in helping children learn habits that contribute to a healthy lifestyle and lowered rate of obesity. Explicit biases, such as overt discrimination against obese children may be rare among educators, but implicit biases, such as not calling on obese children in class, may be more prevalent. More importantly, implicit biases may not be recognized or understood among educators. A total of 102 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in a university level school of education were administered the Implicit Attitudes Test, the Antifat Attitudes Questionnaire and the Attitudes towards Obese Persons Scale. The participants did not demonstrate an explicit bias against obesity but did appear to have an implicit bias toward individuals with obesity.

BACKGROUND: BACKGROUND: Research investigating the implicit bias of employers towards individuals with disabilities emphasizes the importance of increased attention to implicit bias in the workplace. Previous research supports the use of trainings to promote awareness and education of implicit and explicit bias toward people with disabilities among employers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to better understand employers’ stigmatizing attitudes toward individuals with disabilities and develop effective strategies to increase awareness and knowledge related to these negative attitudes. METHODS: Two focus groups of HR professionals were conducted to investigate guidelines and content areas that should be included in training. Data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis (QCA) methodology. RESULTS: Researchers identified four major themes regarding guidelines for training development: 1) educational information on implicit and explicit bias, 2) disability inclusion information and strategies, 3) consideration of multiple learning modalities, and 4) case studies. CONCLUSION: Training interventions incorporating these needs and preferences of HR professionals may more effectively increase awareness of implicit bias in the workplace. Sharing evidence regarding implicit and explicit bias, along with current information on disability inclusion, while using varied instructional strategies may lead to a reduction in disability-related stigma and discrimination in the workplace.

This study examined the role of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plasticity in controlling implicit and explicit social biases. Normal controls and patients with varied OFC and DLPFC lesion size and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, which promotes (methionine-valine [Met/Val] SNP) or stifles (valine-valine [Val/Val] SNP) plasticity in damaged PFC regions, completed measures of implicit and explicit social bias. Patients and controls demonstrated comparable levels of implicit bias, but patients with Met/Val SNPs exhibited less implicit bias when they had smaller OFC lesions compared with Val/Val patients with similar size lesions and those with large OFC lesions. Both patients and controls demonstrated patterns of explicit bias consistent with hypotheses. Patients with Met/Val SNPs exhibited less explicit bias when they had smaller DLPFC lesions sizes compared with Val/Val patients with similar size lesions and those with large DLPFC lesions. OFC lesion size and BDNF SNP type did not moderate explicit bias; DLPFC lesion size and BDNF SNP type did not moderate implicit bias (nor did other medial or lateral regions). Findings suggest that plasticity within specific PFC regions modulates the type and degree of social bias that individuals' exhibit.

Correlation Between Pharmacy Students’ Implicit Bias Scores, Explicit Bias Scores, and Responses to Clinical Cases

Explicit and implicit weight bias among health care students: a cross-sectional study of 39 Australian universities