Pre-Service Educators’ Confidence and Efficacy in Dealing with Child and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in Diverse Classroom Settings

Addressing Common Risk and Protective Factors Can Prevent a Wide Range of Adolescent Risk Behaviors

Adolescents and risks: Why not change our paradigm?

Recent attachment research suggests that children with avoidant attachment often underreport their psychological distress compared to their physiologic indicators of distress (neuroendocrine reactivity, startle response, event-related potentials). This pattern of behavior (referred to as psychobiological divergence) may confer risk for suboptimal coping behaviors, including substance use, sexual risk-taking, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), because individuals who are not aware of or cannot express their emotional needs may engage in maladaptive strategies to regulate their emotions. In the current pilot study (N = 45 youth), we investigate whether psychobiological divergence of neuroendocrine and self-reported reactivity in middle childhood prospectively predicts health risk behaviors (HRBs) in adolescence. The results revealed that divergence was significantly associated with adolescents’ substance use and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), but not with their sexual behavior. Among adolescents currently reporting low levels of attachment security, divergence was associated with greater self-reported NSSI. Our results provide initial evidence that psychobiological divergence confers risk for substance use and NSSI in combination with current relational distress. We discuss the implications of our findings for adolescent development and clinical risk.

Adolescence is a critical period where major physical and psychologic changes occur. It is also a period where several lifelong health related behaviors are adopted and established. Behaviors such as unhealthy eating, tobacco use, alcohol use, and physical inactivity are related to major causes of morbidity and mortality among young and adults. Physical activity (PA) is an important behavior during adolescence not only because it is associated with general health, but also because it may be associated with other health-related risk behaviors. PURPOSE: To examine the association of physical activity with health risk behaviors in adolescents from Curitiba- Brazil. METHODS: A cross-section study was carried out with a representative sample of 928 (mean age 14.06 ± 1.91 years old, 467 girls) adolescents enrolled in 14 randomly selected public schools from Curitiba, Brazil. The Brazilian version of the Youth Activity Profile survey evaluated PA levels and the YRBS survey evaluated fruit, vegetable, alcohol, and tobacco consumption in the past 30 days. The Adolescent Sedentary Questionnaire evaluated total screen time. Binary Logistic regression measured the association between PA levels and risk behaviors after controlling for gender, age, BMI status, income status, and parent educational level. RESULTS: PA was inversely associated with low fruit consumption (OR = .50, 95% IC = .38 - .66, p <.001), low vegetable consumption (OR =.55, 95% IC = .42 - .73, p < .001), and high screen Time (≥3 hours/day) (OR = .79, 95% IC = .65 - .96, p < .001). Additionally, PA was positively associated with the consumption of at least one dose of alcohol in the past 30 days (OR = 1.47, 95% IC = 1.15 – 1.88, p < .001), and with the excessive consumption of alcohol (OR = 1.73, 95% IC = 1.29 – 2.33, p <.001). PA was not associated with Tobacco consumption (OR = 1.01, 95% IC = .67 – 1.52, p = .96). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that adolescents with higher PA levels consumed more fruits and vegetables and spent less time in front of electronic screens. However, adolescents with higher levels of PA were also more likely to report alcohol consumption in the past 30 days. The social characteristics of alcohol consumption may explain its positive relationship to PA. Supported by CNPq, Brazil.

Objective To explore the status of adolescents' health risk behaviors, relationship between cognitive ability and health risk behaviors, and provide an empirical reference for reducing the occurrence and early prevention of health risk behaviors among adolescents. Methods Samples were extracted by hierarchical, multi-stage, probability and scale proportional (PPS) methods. There were 112 schools randomly selected from 28 county-level regions (county, district, city), and 19 487 students were investigated by baseline survey, a follow-up study was conducted among 8 636 students during 2014-2015. Descriptive statistical methods of using 2 test and t test, and logistic multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between cognitive abilities and healthy risk behaviors. Results The reported rate of a healthy risk behavior was 20.77%, and the incidence of more than one type of health risk behavior was 16.03%. The student’s cognitive ability standardized score was (0.33±0. 82). The average score of cognitive ability of adolescents with healthy risk behavior was 0.14, which was lower than the average score of cognitive ability of adolescents without healthy risk behaviors (0.43). Boys, having rural household registeration, non-residential schools, and parents with low education levels adolescents were more likely to be involved in health behavior risks. There was a significant correlation between adolescent cognitive ability and healthy risk behavior ( OR = 0.67, P <0.01). Conclusion The current status of adolescent health risk behaviors is worrying. The cognitive ability has a significant impact on health risk behaviors. It is recommended to use the cognitive ability of adolescents as a starting point to prevent and reduce the occurrence of adolescent health risk behaviors. 【摘要】目的 探究青少年健康危险行为现状及其与认知能力的关系，为减少青少年健康危险行为的发生及早期预 防提供实证参考。 方法 采用分层次、多阶段、概率与规模成比例（PPS)的方法，从全国28个县级单位（县、区、市）随机抽 取112所学校，2013—2014学年基线调査19 487名学生，2014—2015学年追踪调査8 636名初中学生。运用妒检验、《检 验的描述性统计方法，以及Logistic多因素回归分析认知能力与健康危险行为的关系。 结果 学生存在1种健康危险行为 的报告率为20.77%，1种以上的健康危险行为报告率为16.03%。学生认知能力标准化得分为（0.33±0.82)分。有健康危 险行为的青少年认知能力标准化得分均分为0.14分，没有健康危险行为青少年的得分为0.43分。男性、农村户口、非住 校、父母受教育程度低的青少年更容易发生健康危险行为。Logistic回归分析显示，青少年认知能力与其健康危险行为的 相关有统计学意义（ OR = 0.67， P <0.01)。 结论 青少年健康危险行为现状堪忧，认知能力对健康危险行为的影响显著。建 议以青少年的认知能力为出发点，预防和减少青少年健康危险行为的发生。

In this study the fitness of a path model for the relationship among biological risk disposition, sociocultural risk factors, self-control, parent-adolescent communication, and risk behavior in adolescents was examined. The participants were 387 adolescents. The data were analyzed with the PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. Sociocultural risk factors, self-control, and parent-adolescent communication showed a direct effect on risk behavior for adolescents, while biological risk disposition and sociocultural risk factor showed an indirect effect on risk behavior for adolescents. The modified path model of adolescents' risk behavior was showed a good fit with the model (χ2/df=2.37, GFI=.95, AGFI=.92, RMSEA=.06 [.05<RMSEA<.07], NNFI=.95, CFI=.97). These results suggest that adolescents' risk behavior can be decreased by reducing biological risk disposition and sociocultural risk factor, and increasing parent-adolescent communication and self-control. Thus there is a need to design intervention programs that emphasizes reducing biological risk disposition and sociocultural risk factor and increasing parent-adolescent communication and self-control in order to decrease adolescents' risk behavior.

Little is known about how physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and various adolescent health risk behaviors are associated. The objective of this study was to examine relationships between PA and sedentary behavior patterns and an array of risk behaviors, including leading causes of adolescent morbidity/mortality. Nationally representative self-reported data were collected (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; wave I: 1994-1995; II: 1996; N = 11957). Previously developed and validated cluster analyses identified 7 homogeneous groups of adolescents sharing PA and sedentary behaviors. Poisson regression predicted the relative risk of health risk behaviors, other weekly activities, and self-esteem across the 7 PA/sedentary behavior clusters controlling for demographics and socioeconomic status. Main outcome measures were adolescent risk behaviors (eg, truancy, cigarette smoking, sexual intercourse, delinquency), other weekly activities (eg, work, academic performance, sleep), self-esteem. Relative to high television (TV) and video viewers, adolescents in clusters characterized by skating and video gaming, high overall sports and sports participation with parents, using neighborhood recreation center, strict parental control of TV, reporting few activities overall, and being active in school were less likely to participate in a range of risky behaviors, ranging from an adjusted risk ratio (ARR) of 0.42 (outcome: illegal drug use, cluster: strict parental control of TV) to 0.88 (outcome: violence, cluster: sports with parents). Active teens were less likely to have low self-esteem (eg, adolescents engaging in sports with parents, ARR: 0.73) and more likely to have higher grades (eg, active in school, ARR: 1.20). Participation in a range of PA-related behaviors, particularly those characterized by high parental sports/exercise involvement, was associated with favorable adolescent risk profiles. Adolescents with high TV/video viewership were less likely to have positive risk behavior outcomes. Enhancing opportunities for PA and sport may have a beneficial effect on leading adolescent risk behaviors.

Downwards trends in adolescent risk-taking behaviours in New Zealand: Exploring driving forces for change.

&#x0D; Objective: The objective of this academic work is to demonstrate evidences available in literature about the association among the pubertal maturation and health risk behavior in adolescents.&#x0D; Methods: It was used the database from MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs and Web of Science. The terms used in the research, with its variations, were “puberty”, “maturation”, “maturity”, “risk behaviors”, “risk factors”, “adolescent” and “student”.&#x0D; Results: Out of 838 manuscripts found in the databases, after the sorting and applied the eligibility criteria, remained in this systematic review 13 articles. Early maturation was associated significantly with the use of alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs, early sexual initiation, sedentary behaviors and involvement in fights, where girls showed higher prevalence.&#x0D; Conclusions: Henceforth, the results from the current study indicates that the early maturation is associated with health risk behaviors in adolescents, especially with the use of alcohol and cigarettes. &#x0D;

Risk behavior in adolescence is widely researched and is an important focus for researchers, federal and state agencies, and schools; however, goals differ across these settings and as such the measurement strategies must also differ. Schools require more frequent and efficient measures that better align with educational goals of increasing positive behaviors. The Prosocial and Health Adolescent Risk Behavior Scale was developed to meet this need. Participants were 682, 9th through 12th grade students (53 % female; 57 % White), from three midwestern high schools. Reliability and preliminary validity analyses resulted in a brief 20 item scale that measures both prosocial and health risk behavior participation. This scale has the potential to move adolescent risk behavior research and measurement forward through its unique conceptualization of risk behavior and its potential use across both research and applied settings.

to analyze health risk behaviors in adolescents and Family Health Strategy (FHS) educational activities in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. a cross-sectional study was conducted using data from a survey with adolescents registered with FHS in 2011/2012; Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%). there was low participation in educational activities on alcohol (23%), food (10%) and physical activity (9%); insufficient physical activity was higher in girls (PR=0.76 - 95%CI 0.68;0.85), alcohol consumption was associated with the 15-19 age range (PR=1.48 - 95%CI 1.29;1.71) and low fruit and vegetable intake was associated with income of ≤2 minimum wages (PR=1.17 - 95%CI 1.02;1.33). there was no significant association between adolescent risk behaviors and their participation in FHS educational activities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of sleep duration and socioecological protective factors with patterns of adolescent risk behaviors in Fairfax County, VA-one of the largest public school districts in the United States. A total of 21,360 and 20,330 students in 10th and 12th grades who completed the Youth Risk Behavior Survey were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Sleep duration was measured by self-report of the average number of hours of sleep on a school night. Ten socioecological protective factors included peer-individual, family, school, and community domains. Latent class analysis was used to classify 7 risk behaviors (alcohol use, cigarette use, illicit drug use, inappropriate prescription drug use, risky sexual behavior, deviant behavior, and academic failure) into 4 class memberships (low, some, moderate, and high). Multinomial regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and race. Adolescents who reported sleeping the recommended 8 to 9 hours were significantly less likely to belong to the class memberships of greater risk behaviors compared with those who reported short and long sleep duration after controlling for age, sex, race, and survey year. There was a significant inverse relationship between the number of socioecological protective factors and risk behaviors for both 10th and 12th graders. Potential risks of age, sex, and race on risk behaviors were observed. No significant interaction between sleep duration and protective factors was found in either grade. This study highlights the significant associations between sleep duration and risk behaviors in adolescents with diverse socioecological protective factors. Prioritization of prevention-focused resources should consider sleep duration in addition to the socioecological protective factors commonly cited in the literature when addressing adolescent risk behaviors.

ObjectivesThe authors aimed to examine whether changes in health risk behaviour rates alter the relationships between behaviours during adolescence, by comparing clustering of risk behaviours at different time points.DesignComparison of...

Design The social, cultural, and economic context can be an important variable in the perception and adoption of risk behaviors in adolescents. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of simultaneous health risk behaviors and associated socioeconomic factors in adolescents living in the metropolitan region of Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil. Methods The sample consisted of 2,207 high school students aged 13–18 years. The risk behaviors measured were “low levels of physical activity,” “excessive daily TV time,” “high consumption of alcoholic beverages on a single occasion,” “involvement in fights,” “smoking cigarettes,” “carrying firearms,” and “marijuana consumption.” Information was obtained through self-administered questionnaire. Results Considering the results, it was observed that female adolescents and those aged up to 16 years were less likely to have two or more health risk behaviors compared to males and those aged 17 years or more, respectively. It was also found that both high- and middle-income level adolescents had higher prevalence of having two or more health risk behaviors. Conclusions It was concluded that male adolescents older than 16 years with better socioeconomic level were more exposed to the simultaneous presence of several health risk behaviors.

This study investigated associations among adolescents' self-esteem in 6 domains (peers, school, family, sports/athletics, body image and global self-worth) and risk behaviours related to substance use, bullying, suicidality and sexuality. A multistage stratified sampling strategy was used to select a representative sample of 939 English-, Afrikaans- and Xhosa-speaking students in Grades 8 and 11 at public high schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants completed the multidimensional Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ; DuBois, Felner, Brand, Phillips, & Lease, 1996) and a self-report questionnaire containing items about demographic characteristics and participation in a range of risk behaviours. It included questions about their use of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, solvents and other substances, bullying, suicidal ideation and attempts, and risky sexual behaviour. Data was analysed using a series of logistic regression models, with the estimation of model parameters being done through generalised estimation equations. Scores on each self-esteem scale were significantly associated with at least one risk behaviour in male and female adolescents after controlling for the sampling strategy, grade and race. However, specific self-esteem domains were differentially related to particular risk behaviours. After taking the correlations between the self-esteem scales into account, low self-esteem in the family and school contexts and high self-esteem in the peer domain were significantly independently associated with multiple risk behaviours in adolescents of both sexes. Low body-image self-esteem and global self-worth were also uniquely associated with risk behaviours in girls, but not in boys. Overall, the findings suggest that interventions that aim to protect adolescents from engaging in risk behaviours by increasing their self-esteem are likely to be most effective and cost-efficient if they are aimed at the family and school domains.