Pre-industrial production of recycled ceramic tiles using construction and demolition waste: Exploring their technological feasibility

The use of ceramic sludge and recycled glass to obtain engobes for manufacturing ceramic tiles

The higher amount of buildings and infrastructures in India, number of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is increasing continuously. These wastes, if not completely recycled, will create the environmental problems. This research paper concentrates on the use of a system dynamics technique to develop a C&D waste recycling. The project is based on the recycling of the rapidly increasing construction and demolition waste. Through this process we want to take a step ahead, the idea of stopping illegal Dumping and ultimately save our mother Earth from destruction. The cost of recycled C&D solid waste resulting in reduction of overall construction cost. The demolition is the most commonly pronounced word in the construction industry. As per the new building rules building should be demolished after its service period. Now-a-days the importance is given to sustainable and environmental friendly construction; there should be effective control of the demolition waste. The demolition waste can be reused for the construction. Construction and demolition (C and D) waste is defined as the solid waste generated by the construction, renovation, repair, alteration or demolition of residential, commercial, government or institutional buildings, industrial, commercial facilities and infrastructures such as roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, railways and airports. Construction and demolition waste is considered as high volume, low risk. It is commonly understood that this waste can be considered a resource, either for reuse in its original form or for recycling or energy recovery. Because of increasing waste production and public concerns about the environment, it is desirable to recycle materials from building demolition. If suitably selected ground cleaned appropriate industrial crushing in plants, these materials can be profitably used in concrete. Despite this, most Construction and Demolition waste ends up in landfills recycled aggregate and recycled sand that can be obtained. Further with the help of the obtained recycled material we intend to make various products such as concrete, paver blocks, hollow blocks, etc which will in turn be less costly as well. These recycled materials and products made from it are economical without any considerable change in the strength and durability aspect. Not only the cost effectiveness but it will also be aesthetically pleasing. According to Metropolitan region development authority the amount of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) must be reduced by at least 70%. 3Rs model (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in the C&D waste management with costs savings. This paper finds a broader understanding of the socioeconomic implications of waste management over time and the positive effects of these policies in the recycled to achieve the goal of C&D waste as well as the composition of Construction and Demolition waste, the need for its recycling and options that can be implemented for its efficient use in the field of concrete technology. Key Words: C & D waste; sustainable construction systems, Recycling, Concrete.

Chapter 8 - Sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste Management

Hong Kong's overall construction waste accounts for approximately 23% of its total solid waste. As the aging rate of buildings accelerates in Hong Kong, the number of buildings reaching 50 years old is projected to increase from 8,700 in 2020 to 13,900 by 2030. Recently, deteriorating older buildings have become potential sources of construction and demolition waste, leading to a significant rise in the total amount of construction waste. Traditionally, Hong Kong has managed construction waste by using it as landfill material or burying it, but such practices are unsustainable in a city where land resources are scarce. To alleviate the growing volume of construction and demolition waste, a circular economy approach emerges as a solution. However, there is a lack of research on implementing a circular economy model that treats construction and demolition waste as secondary building materials in the construction industry. This study focuses on the Tseung Kwan O landfill site as a case study, analyzing predominantly concrete waste generated from existing construction waste. The research explores how abandoned concrete can be effectively recycled and repurposed as a material. Additionally, it examines the integration of circular economy principles into the industry. The study concludes that incorporating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a component in the construction industry's circular economy is feasible and environmentally beneficial. The establishment of a comprehensive management system for construction and demolition waste is a crucial first step towards realizing a circular economy in Hong Kong. This research provides a framework for formulating waste management policies in the construction sector, enhancing collaborative processes among stakeholders, and aiding relevant authorities in regulating construction activities.

The use of sewage sludge in the production of ceramic floor tiles

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to study the global experience of regulatory and legal regulation of construction and demolition waste management to determine measures to ensure the use of secondary raw materials from construction waste in Ukraine for the restoration of objects damaged and destroyed as a result of military actions and the construction of new buildings. The results of the study of the experience of developed countries regarding the attraction of construction and demolition waste for reuse and processing into secondary raw materials are presented. Analytical studies have established that Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and the Council provides for a target increase by 2020 of the share of non-hazardous construction waste prepared for reuse and recycling to at least 70% by weight, as well as promotion of recycling by selective removal of materials and creation of sorting systems. The direct requirements of the regulatory and legal regulation of construction waste management during the construction of facilities are outlined. In some states, direct requirements for handling construction waste have been established: in new construction, a certain percentage of products from recycled waste must be used; ban on landfills for construction waste that can be used for processing into secondary raw materials; the minimum area of buildings, during the construction of which mandatory disposal of waste is regulated; the minimum volumes of construction work are legally defined, the excess of which determines the need for builders to sort and process construction and demolition waste. The lack of specific target indicators for the collection, sorting, processing of construction and demolition waste, as well as the use of secondary raw materials obtained from them, was emphasized in the normative legal acts of Ukraine on waste management.

Increasing building construction raises concerns about construction and demolition (C&D) waste management. To assess this issue the building components, the collection schemes, their recycling and disposal should be investigated. In order to manage C&D wastes, paying attention to how this kind of wastes is disposed is imperative for their correct identification. Inattention, lack of organization and proper transport and sanitary disposal of construction and demolition waste lead to problems such as accumulation of construction waste in the streets. However, more than 90 percent of the potential for recycling and re-using as raw materials is provided. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified C&D wastes into three categories: non-dangerous waste, hazardous wastes and semi-hazardous wastes. Currently in Tehran, an average of about 50,000 tons per day of construction and demolition wastes are produced from which over 30,000 tons per day are dumped in landfills. According to this research more than 57% of these wastes are placed in the first category (non-dangerous waste) and have the potential for being recycled and reused. On the other hand, items that are placed in the second category shall be managed based on the existing laws. This article provides some management solutions including proposing methods for collecting and reusing construction waste in accordance with current market needs in Iran.

Over the years, construction waste has risen, causing environmental concerns as well as a loss of profit for contractors. This chapter covers the concepts, causes of waste generation, characteristics, waste management methods, waste minimization, disposal, rules, and worker’s efficiency in relation to construction and demolition waste. The waste management hierarchy is also explained in the chapter. The authors looked at the causes of waste generation and disposal, as well as the characteristics and methods of waste management, along with the regulations that apply. This chapter discusses some of the data and applications of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste management and its disposal in Malaysia, which are also commonly being practiced in other countries.KeywordsConstruction waste disposalConstruction waste minimizationConstruction waste causesConstruction waste hierarchy

The aim of this paper is to conduct a life cycle assessment study of ceramic tiles (single-fired glazed stoneware) in order to identify the stages that produce the greatest impact on the environment and the materials and/or processes that make the largest contribution to that impact. The life cycle is considered to be made up of seven stages: (1) mining the clay, (2) atomising the clay, (3) production of frits and glazes, (4) production of ceramic tiles, (5) distribution, (6) installation and usage, and, on ending their useful life (7) treatment as construction and demolition waste. A specific life cycle inventory was developed taking 1 m2 of ceramic tile over a period of 20 years as the functional unit and using annual data gathered directly from 35 Spanish enterprises involved in the different stages of the life cycle of ceramic tiles. This inventory was then used to obtain environmental indicators (global warming, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation and human toxicity) for each enterprise and each stage of the life cycle under study. Environmental data were submitted to a statistical analysis. This analysis made it possible to model the distribution of environmental behaviour of the life cycle of ceramic tiles considering the different influences from the different companies that were consulted for each stage in the life cycle. The statistical study allowed also obtaining confidence intervals for the mean and standard deviation of the environmental results obtained for each impact category. The stage of the life cycle with the greatest environmental impact for all the impact categories is the manufacture of the tile, followed by the process of atomising the clay and the distribution of the product. There is a direct correlation between these findings and the high level of energy consumption (mainly natural gas and fuel) in these stages. Moreover, the statistical analysis provided 95% level of confidence intervals for the mean and the standard deviation very accurate which shows that using the mean inventory values from all the enterprises that were consulted within the same stage of the life cycle is a suitable method of working. Future users of the inventory may use the probability distributions obtained for calculating percentiles or other measures to assess their data.

Utilizing machine learning to integrate silica-based production waste material in ceramic tiles manufacturing: Progressing toward sustainable solutions

Purpose. This paper aims to analyze and classify construction and demolition waste. It is necessary that this classification not only reflects statistical data on waste generation, but also serves as an information basis for the integrated waste management system (IWMS). The main task of this system is to maximize the involvement of waste in economic recycling and to objectively reflect the technological capabilities of its processing. This is extremely important in the context of the implementation of European waste management principles and the implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030. Methodology. The article considers the problems of construction waste management within the framework of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030, which provides for the implementation of measures and principles of waste management, including construction waste. The author analyzes the management problems in the field of construction and demolition waste, which substantiates the need to classify construction waste with the simultaneous harmonization of processing methods and technologies. Construction activities are inextricably linked to the management of various types of resources, among which secondary materials play a key role in the implementation of construction processes. The ability to effectively manage the flows of these secondary resources is critical to ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of construction production. In this context, the study of the importance of managing the flows of secondary resources becomes an integral part of strategies for optimizing construction processes. Findings. Construction waste from the demolition of buildings and structures is unique due to its size and the need to prepare it for primary crushing. This is especially true in the context of implementing the concept of renovation of the outdated housing stock. Various static and dynamic methods of destruction of building materials, in particular, impact and vibration, have been investigated, with dynamic methods being characterized by lower energy consumption. Originality. The work reflects the formation of theoretical and methodological directions based on the use of recycled materials in construction, as well as a comparative characterization of various methods of destruction of building materials. Practical value. The possibilities of recycling construction waste, in particular, their maximum involvement in recycling, which meets the goals of the Strategy of Ukraine, provides 50% of waste recycling.

A bibliometric analysis of current research trends in the field of construction and demolition waste is presented in this work. The analysis is based on the type of document, language, distribution of the journal, subject category, countries, and author keywords. This study uses data gathered from the Web of Science database for the years 2002–2021. A cubic regression model has been created to predict publication output in the upcoming decade. Based on the model, the publication on construction and demolition waste is expected to exceed four times that of 2021 by the end of the forthcoming decade. The most prevalent subject category is engineering. Construction and building materials is the most productive journal. The social network analysis reveals that People ‘R’ China is the most influential and collaborative country. Finally, the author's keyword is analyzed to find out the research hotspot. The results showed construction and demolition waste, recycling, construction waste, waste management, and recycled aggregate were the most frequently used keywords. This study gives an overview of research on construction and demolition waste and helps in identifying the pattern of research around the world and plan for future research.

The volume of wastes generated from heavy industries, such as cement and steel industries, is increasing, and the cost of landfill disposal grows daily. Economical and eco-friendly areas of recycle are being developed to stop the growth of these waste products. Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a waste product in the cement industry. It contains very fine grains like cement in addition to finer particles of lime, silica, alumina and iron. These particles contain high concentrations of sulphates and alkalis. The aim was to study the effects of using CKD as an alternative source of CaO in ceramic wall tile production. Ceramic tiles compositions in different ratios were prepared with CKD (15 mass% max) rather than calcite. All shaped samples were sintered at 1150 °C. Optical dilatometer was used to evaluate sintering behaviour. Physical properties, such as linear firing shrinkage, bulk density, flexural strength and water absorption, were also measured. The bodies containing CKD showed a decrease in moisture expansion and were whiter than the body of a standard composition. This study showed that CKD is an effective CaO source in ceramic tile production.

The recycling of construction waste is key to reducing waste generation and CO2 emissions. This study aimed to develop a quantitative model for analyzing the carbon reduction potential of recycling construction, demolition, and renovation waste (CDRW) in Jiangsu province. The waste generation rate calculation method and nonlinear autoregressive artificial neural network model were used to estimate and predict CDRW generation. The life cycle assessment was performed to calculate the carbon reduction potential of recycling CDRW. In quantifying the carbon reduction potential, not only construction and demolition waste, but also renovation waste was considered for the first time. The results showed that the total carbon reduction potential of recycling CDRW increased from 3.94 Mt CO2e in 2000 to 58.65 Mt CO2e in 2020. Steel and concrete were the main contributors. By scenario analysis, the carbon reduction potential of fully recycling CDRW in 2020 increased by 37.79 Mt CO2e, a growth rate of 64%. The study further predicts future CDRW generation and the corresponding carbon reduction potential. Our conclusions indicate that 245.45 Mt of CDRW will be generated in 2030, and carbon reduction potential may reach 82.36 Mt CO2e. These results will help the government manage construction waste better and reach early achievement of the carbon peak target.

Lezha is a city that has its beginnings in 385 BC. The geographical position of the city, together with its surroundings, has made Lezha one of the most important commercial and military-military centers since ancient times. Considering how old it is as a city and how much development it has had over the years, we can say that construction in this city is quite developed. The last 10 years there is an explosion of high-rise buildings near the beach in Shëngjin and in the city of Lezha. C&D (construction and demolition) waste are waste generated during the construction time of various facilities and from the demolition of buildings for various reasons. So in Lezha city are present both type of waste. C&D waste materials typically include soils, concrete (which is going to be the material analyzed in this paper), bricks, glass, wood, plasterboard, asbestos, metals and plastics. In the amount of the waste the amount of concrete waste was also affected by the November 26 earthquake because many houses and mansions were damaged and remain non-functional and the only thing that could be done was to collapse. The fact that Lezha is a city with highly developed tourism in both sea, agro-cultural and mountain tourism has made the buildings increase in number or be rebuilt to meet the contemporary requirements of tourist needs. Also it is foreseen by the local institutions of Albania that by 2031 in the city of Lezha to generate 24219 tons per year of inert waste as a consequence of the increase of tourism and the predictions for the increase of the population. The problem with construction waste, especially concrete, is that although many years pass, the concrete is not degradable, it remains as it was produced and in the place of disposal. By not treating the waste properly many agricultural lands will be turned into landfills with construction waste, we will have an environmental impact and in protected areas, tourist and public spaces for citizens. This paper focus on an analysis of the C&D waste in the city of Lezha. The purpose of the study is to present the management situation of C&D waste in Lezha and based on this policy to provide some short-term and long-term solutions to solve the problems that come as a result of mismanagement of this waste. Using alternative management routes could result in both environmental and cost savings, also on a better development of tourisms.