Próba rozwiązania kwestii żydowskiej przez Ludwika Zamenhofa

Abstract

Ludwik Zamenhof’s Attempt at Solving the Jewish QuestionZamenhof is well known as the creator of the international language Esperanto. The origins of Espe­ranto stem from his attempts to convince Jews that they could form a nation, even without territory, on the basis of a language, namely Esperanto; otherwise, they would always be an ethnic group only. Zamenhof presented his doctrine in 1901 in a booklet entitled Hillel­ism, published in Russian. He decided to address the Jewish intelligentsia in Russia, where the Jewish issue was the most pronounced and tense. But the intelligentsia was unable to work out a national programme. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, it was split into many groups with a variety of standpoints, and each group perceived the Jewish nation in a different way and, most importantly, located its future homeland in a different part of the globe. Esperanto itself, however, became increasingly more popular at that time. Its adherents strongly criticised a broad spectrum of different, mildly utopian doctrines on how to solve the Jewish issue. Zamenhof re-edited his Hillelism in such a way that his efforts to solve the Jewish issue began to be absorbed into broad humanism. Later, he gradually promoted Homaranism, being at a distance from Judaism itself. Zamenhof finally believed that he left Espe­ranto not to a “specific ethnic group” but to all humanity.