Prawa kobiet a polska konstytucja z 22 lipca 1952 r. w materiałach Polskiej Kroniki Filmowej

The article is devoted to the social and demographic factors of family values transformation in Belarus. It aims to find out to what extent age, educational level, and place of residence influence the dynamics of changing family values. Based on the data of the European Value Survey in Belarus in 2000, 2008 and 2017, the tendencies of the transformation of attitudes towards family, marriage, children, and women combining family and profession roles, are analysed. It is concluded that changes in family values in the Eastern European region and Belarus are multidirectional. On the one hand, the significance of the family and marriage is growing. On the other – the necessity to combine the professional and family roles of women is getting more common. The paper evaluates how these general trends are manifested in different social groups; broken down by age, education level and place of inhabitance. The analysis allows one to conclude that there are universal trends like the importance of family as it is. However, some trends like pronatalist attitudes have specificity for different groups. The reasons for family values transformation include the position on the labour market, the perspective of professional self-realisation, and income growth. A lack of such a perspective among women with secondary education causes them to be more focused on family and children. Both urbanisation and the growth of a young generation with a high educational level can contribute to the decrease of pronatalist attitudes and an increase in the idea of women combining family and professional roles in the future.

Nutritional status is more a health problem in developing countries. More nutritional status causes heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, psychological problems such as cognitive delay, withdrawal from the social environment which will disrupt the growth and development of adolescents. The prevalence of adolescent over nutritional status in 10 state high schools in Malang City is 502 students. The role of parents has an increased factor in the prevalence of nutritional status more related to consumption patterns, as well as more nutritional status adolescents have a negative body image. Research to analyze the role of families that cause more nutritional status and body image of adolescents with more nutritional status. The analytic observational research design was cross sectional approach. Respondents 111 overweight and obese teenagers in 10 public high schools in Malang. Random sampling and proportional sampling techniques. The study was conducted in February - March 2018. Data analysis used SmartPLS version 3. The results showed that most of the family's role included high allowance and socio-economic costs of respondents, working mothers and negative body image in adolescents with more nutritional status. The role of the family affects the nutritional status of adolescents (t statistic 5,072, p value 0,000). Nutritional status is more influential on adolescent body image (t statistic 25,812, p value 0,000). The role of the family influences consumption patterns and obese adolescents have a negative body image.

Sex differences in perceptions of familial and occupational roles

Social networks are a key factor in supporting bereaved people and reducing the likelihood of a prolonged grief reaction. But there is a lack of sound guidance on the topic.

Background: Communication with patients and families at the end of life is key to quality care, allowing for informed decisions and emotional support. This study explores the experience of nursing students in clinical simulations, analyzing their emotions, perceptions of the family role, the impact on their communication skills, and their reflection on the role of nursing in these contexts. Methods: This study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences of UNIE University, Spain, with 44 first-year students enrolled in the Fundamentals of Psychology in Health Sciences course. Data were collected through focus groups and reflective narratives with open-ended questions between January and February 2025. Following data collection, transcripts were generated and subjected to a thematic analysis following the COREQ checklist. Results: Five thematic blocks and their categories were identified: (T1) Family as a pillar of care; (T2) Relationship with the family; (T3) Communication as a therapeutic tool; (T4) Emerging emotions; (T5) Learning through simulation. Conclusions: The family is a fundamental pillar at the end of life, providing emotional and practical support to the patient and the care team. Communication is key to building trust and facilitating acceptance of the process. Students experience diverse emotions that reflect the complexity of the accompaniment. Simulation at the end of life allows nursing students to develop communication skills, reflect on their professional role, and manage complex emotions.

A recent study conducted by the authors found that male alumni of a master of social work (MSW) degree program in the Midwest received about $8,000 more in annual income than female alumnae. So what's new? Not much, as evidenced by the history of this phenomenon. Williams, Ho, and Fielder (1974) found that men with master of science in social work (MSSW) degrees had salaries more than $5,000 a year higher than those of women, even when controlling for job tenure, marital obligations, and part-time employment. Knapman (1977) found that women in 200 family agencies in Michigan tended to work in lower level positions and were paid significantly less than men even when length of employment was controlled. Also, Belon and Gould (1977) found that male members of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) were paid more than female members, even when the effects of education, present position, prior experience, type of agency, and number of hours worked per week were controlled. Kravetz and Jones (1982) reported that women did not even expect to earn as much as men. The 1980s did not see a decline in the discrepancy. Sutton (1982) selected two groups of MSWs from surveys returned by members of the Pennsylvania chapter of NASW: those employed full-time for 10 years and those employed full-time for two to four years. In both groups, women's median incomes were less than men's at all levels of responsibility, even when education, type of employment, auspice, and job responsibilities were controlled. Sutton (1982) called for a move from research and global recommendations to more action. Although Sutton suggested four concrete approaches, appears that the profession has not taken her advice. Not only did the 1980s bring no improvement in sex discrimination in social work salaries, the late 1980s may have brought deterioration. York, Henley, and Gamble (1987) controlled for job position, experience, and education in a random sample of social workers in North Carolina and reported that men received average of $5,645 a year more than women. Income Inequality in Other Professions Social work is not the only profession in which women are paid less than men. Solomon (1978), reporting on salaries earned by employees with PhDs, observed, Overall, being a woman means $1,555 lower salary, whereas in psychology women earn $2,607 less! (p. 998). Solomon also quoted Becker's (1971) assertion that an increase in the numerical importance of a minority group increases the prejudice against them, since the majority begins to fear their growing power (p. 16). Hence, Solomon noted, it is possible that discrimination against women is more pervasive in psychology than in other fields because there are more women psychologists (p. 996). Could the same be said of social work? And lest those in academia think they are good income-parity models for future social workers, they must think again. Men who are full professors are paid 13 percent more than women, male associate professors are paid 8 percent more than female colleagues at that level, and male assistant professors are paid 9 percent more than their female counterparts (American Association of University Professors, 1991). It appears that nothing has changed since Gottlieb (1987) plainly identified the problem: Sex inequality is based essentially on the belief that a woman's is a family role (p. 562). Family roles are ignored in this society's monetary evaluation of roles. Do our nonactions against the gender income gap suggest that the profession actually believes that women belong in family roles and are not, therefore, entitled to be paid as much as men in professional roles? Perhaps social workers care rhetorically but not enough to take action, as the history of the profession suggests. York et al. (1987) noted that the profession has been documenting sexual discrimination in social work and other fields for over 20 years, with most studies finding gender to be a better predictor of salary than any other variable. …

The Human Resources Management industry is feminised and gives women the opportunity to achieve high managerial and expert positions. Female specialists in this field, who are strongly involved in their professional duties, are subject to twofold pressure. On the one hand, they are expected to adjust their working style and time management to the needs of the world of business, governed by the rules of liberalism. On the other hand, they are confronted with traditional expectations concerning family roles. The aim of this article is to present the strategies of combining professional and domestic roles and the ways of coping with the organisation of time and space in a complex life situation by women for whom professional work is an important element of identity and who have a sense of high value of their work. Selected aspects of women’s work are presented on the example of professional biographies obtained from narrative interviews with female informants working in the HR industry. The results of the study indicate three strategies of combining professional and family roles, which can be set on a scale from the most liberal to a mix of traditional and liberal models.

Family structures and the performance of roles by individual family members are based on established social norms and patterns. The volatility of the environment more and more often forces, especially working parents, to constantly adapt to emerging challenges, which requires looking for a balance in performing different roles.In the literature on the subject, more and more attention is paid to the occurrence of conflicts and difficulties related to the sharing of time and resources between various activities of people. Recent changes caused by the pandemic have revealed difficulties in reconciling various spheres of life, especially for working parents. One of the areas that has been modified is the change in the roles played by working parents.The aim of the article was to show whether and how the pandemic influenced changes in roles in families. This article contains a review of the literature on the subject and an analysis of the results of nationwide questionnaire surveys conducted during the pandemic on a sample of 10,331 respondents. As part of the issues related to the roles performed by working parents, a research hypothesis was formulated, assuming that the pandemic affected the roles performed by working parents.The analysis of the research showed that during the pandemic, the commitment to fulfilling family and professional roles has changed, and gender is the dominant factor influencing the scope of performing family roles. The pandemic has only reinforced inequalities in the division of responsibilities among working parents. In addition, analyzes have shown that one of the reasons for the unequal division of roles in families is the income earned by spouses/partners.

Indigenous people have an integral role to play in improving Indigenous health outcomes by leading and being a part of the health workforce. Educating Indigenous health professionals is hence of great importance. Indigenous health students are not always acknowledged for their multiple professional and community roles and how these can affect their university education experience and success. This paper hence examines the experiences of 27 Indigenous health students and their lecturers at one Australian university around the concept of roles. The study used an Indigenous Research Methodology combined with theory driven thematic analysis. Results identified both positive and negative experiences of roles that significantly affect Indigenous health students. The study showed that students’ roles in family and community are complex and can come into conflict with student and future professional roles when students attend university. Academics interviewed for the research showed little to no understanding of Indigenous students’ complex existing roles. This research may assist universities and educators to support Indigenous health students to transition from community to university and achieve success.

Although academics are increasingly expected to share their research data and materials with other academics, many appear reluctant to do so. While extant research emphasizes commercial involvement and peer influence as determinants of withholding behavior, we hypothesize that the volume of competing commitments plays an important role in preventing academics from sharing. Using rich, multi-source data on 876 academics at a large research university, we explore how withholding behavior is related to the breadth of professional and family roles. We find that academics engaged in more activities, including research, teaching and commercialization, and with more young children, are more likely than their colleagues to withhold research data and materials from their previously published research. We explore the implications of these findings for scientific production and exchange, and for academics’ workloads.

Although academics are increasingly expected to share their research data and materials with other academics, many appear reluctant to do so. While extant research emphasises commercial involvement and peer influence as determinants of withholding behaviour, we hypothesise that the volume of competing commitments plays an important role in preventing academics from sharing. Using rich, multi-source data on 876 academics at a large research university, we explore how withholding behaviour is related to the breadth of professional and family roles. We find that academics engaged in more activities, including research, teaching and commercialisation, and with more young children, are more likely than their colleagues to withhold research data and materials from their previously published research. We explore the implications of these findings for scientific production and exchange, and for academics’ workloads.

The recent conference on psychiatric rehabilitation threw light on a host of issues, including the ‘rehabilitation needs of the country, cross-cultural perspectives on recovery and rehabilitation, legal issues pertinent to rehabilitation, role of families and communities, learning from other disabilities, geriatric perspectives, community based rehabilitation initiatives in psychiatric rehabilitation, so on and so forth. The event started with a discussion on rehabilitation needs in India and the cross cultural variations. The unmet rehabilitation needs in India with respect to severe mental illness needs more focus. NGO’s play an important role in mental health rehabilitation. It is also necessary to have a supportive legislative framework. Rehabilitation efforts could be outcome or process based focusing on ‘recovery’. It is essential to combine rehabilitation and treatment and stressed the need in training in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation goals can only be achieved by coordinated action among all stake holders including caregiver organizations, peer support groups, NGO’s and governmental agencies. It is important to develop culturally accepted rehabilitation services and models. Recovery is viewed differently across cultures and across lifespan of a person. Strategies useful to motivate a person from egocentric culture may not work in a person from sociocentric culture. Rehabilitation needs are also influenced by ethnicity, gender and urban/rural differences. Rehabilitation services have largely been confined to large mental hospitals. General hospital psychiatry units (GHPU’s) have difficulties in providing psychosocial services due to resource constraints. It is important to empower persons with psychiatric disability and utilize community resources. Focus on symptomatic remission rather than ‘recovery’ is unlikely to aid rehabilitation. A successful model of delivering palliative care clinic services using motivated volunteers was presented. The model has been tried in mentally ill patients. Each volunteer is assigned a patient with whom they work for empowerment and prevention of symptom relapse. There are various barriers to volunteeringlack of awareness about needs/opportunities; barriers to initiatinghow to start? barriers to continuelack of support. Volunteering can be encouraged by improving awareness, ensuring openness, using role models, recognizing their valuable work, and having mechanisms in place for networking and cross-volunteering. Community resources need to be tapped and utilized effectively to ensure community reintegration. Though community reintegration is ideal, we need half way homes and residential facilities for pragmatic reasons. Rehabilitation needs of geriatric patients is bound to increase as the population ages. Dementia has a significant impact on the individuals and their families. The families face a significant caregiver burden. There is a need to develop home based rehabilitation facilities which have been proved to be successful. As such, long-stay homes, nursing homes and day-care centres for geriatric patients are very few and far in number. There is still a very long way to go. The role of families in the care of patients with severe mental illness in the Indian setting is pivotal. It is important to involve family members in developing services and empower them. Family resilience, an inherent quality which involves open and honest communication, togetherness, sharing activities, affection, acceptance, and commitment needs to be nurtured through family interventions and social policy. The Role of mental health professionals is to identify C. Naveen Kumar (&) G. Desai A. Waghmare S. Thanapal Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India e-mail: cnkumar1974@gmail.com

A survey that investigates the situation of physicians working at neonatal intensive care (NIC) centres has not been made since 1997. To give an overview of the sociodemographic characteristics; personal and professional problems; the satisfaction with their job and family roles; their levels of healthy lifestyle; resources in the families of physicians working at NIC. We have made an examination in Hungary at NIC among physicians from April 2015 till January 2016, with an anonym self-fill-in questionnaire. The physicians involved in the research (n = 111) are representatively middle-aged people. They are well-qualified and hold a subordinate post. Most of them have second jobs. The manager and deputy-manager positions are characteristic for the men. Most of them live in family. The main problems for them are financial and professional difficulties, not the family or personal problems. They have conflicts in families because of finding partners and having children as well as job problems. They are satisfied with their parenting, partnership and professional roles but they are not contented with their family role as a financial safety provider person and as a person living a healthy life. In difficult situations in their life, they can count on friends and family members, furthermore they can rely on their workmates and superiors. It is the first research that focuses on the general situation of physicians working at level 3 NIC centres. This is the first time when a survey investigates their professional-personal-family life. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(16): 628-635.

Salience of self-identity roles in persons with dementia: Differences in perceptions among elderly persons, family members and caregivers

Relationships that involve a physician and a non-physician professional spouse face many challenges that are similar to those experienced by dual career marriages. However, there are unique demands that are associated with physicians who are married to other professionals. One such challenge is the task of navigating their multiple familial and professional roles. This present study explores how physicians who are married to other professionals confront and navigate the complex environment that is often characteristic of work-family issues in this population. Employing an exploratory qualitative design, 34 heterosexual individuals (17 couples) completed in-depth qualitative interviews. These dyadic interviews included 10 male physicians and 7 female physicians. A multisystemic approach was employed to explore themes that emerged. One major theme, contextual appreciation of the physician’s work demands, and three sub-themes: familial support, non-traditional parenting and domestic roles, and paid help, emerged. These data provide important information for the medical education of physicians with specific emphasis on navigating multiple familial and professional roles when part of dual career marriages. Findings provide implications for physician vitality/health, medical education, and continuing education with a focus on physician marriages.