Abstract
Insulin therapy is the cornerstone of treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and advanced type 2 DM. Over the years, insulin treatment has advanced from animal insulin to recombinant insulin with more efficiency and fewer side effects and from short-acting conventional insulin to ultrashort and long-acting insulin analogs to mimic various phases of physiological insulin secretion. Various insulin delivery systems from conventional subcutaneous insulin injection using insulin syringe to pen device, subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps, and inhaled insulin to artificial pancreas are now available. Proper insulin injecting techniques and patient education on self-monitoring of blood glucose and insulin dose titration are of utmost importance for effective insulin therapy.
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