Prabowo’s Metaphor in International Stage: Case Study of Conceptual Metaphor Function in the Propositional Structure

Book Review. A New Insight into Theory of Conceptual Metaphor

This study is a cognitive semantic analysis of the conceptual metaphor of the song lyrics in Mark Forster's album Liebe S/W. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The theories used are the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by Lakoff&Johnson (2003) as the main theory and image schema theory by Croft & Cruse (2004). The data sources in this study were taken from the lyrics of 14 German songs from the album Liebe S/W (2019) by Mark Forster. This study was carried out for the purpose of describing the characteristics of the metaphors, the types of conceptual metaphors and image schemes contained in the song lyrics in the album. Mark Forster's cognition as a singer-songwriter on the album can be seen with this study through a conceptual metaphor approach. Based on the results of the research, it is found as many as 52 data containing metaphorical expressions. Based on the analysis in accordance with Saeed's theory as a metaphor characteristic theory, it shows that there are 13 data with abstraction,15 data with conventionality, 9 data with systematicity, and 15 data with asymmetry. The ontological metaphors is the most dominant in the album. Data analysis using the Lakoff&Johnson theory shows that the conceptual metaphors are found as many as 32 ontological metaphors, 15 orientational metaphors, and 5 structural metaphors. The image schemes found are 20 containers, 4 multiplicities, 4 existences, 5 identites, 12 spaces and 1 scale. Some patterns were found based on theories, 1) metaphors with the characteristics of abstraction and asymmetry have ontological, orientational and structural conceptual metaphors with all types of image schemes. 2) metaphors with conventional characteristics only have ontological conceptual metaphor type with some image schemes, except multiplicity. 3) metaphors with systematic characteristics have ontological and orientation conceptual metaphors with image schemes, except identity and scale.

Metaphors are frequently used in everyday conversation unconsciously. People deliver the metaphoric expressions underlaid by conceptual metaphor that consists of the target and source domains. This study aims to find out the types of metaphorical expressions and analyze the conceptual metaphors underlaying the metaphorical expressions. The data were generated from Bhagavad Gita text using a corpus machine named AntConc 3.4.4w. With the corpus method and AntConc, 690 sentences containing metaphors of life were found. These data were analyzed by applying the conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson (2003) and Steen (2007).The result of the study shows that the metaphorical expressions of life in Bhagavad Gita are covered in all types of metaphor, they are: Structural, Ontological (along with its subsection that is Personification), and Orientational metaphors. In Bhagavad Gita, there are 24 conceptual metaphors that underlay the metaphorical expressions. The most frequently found conceptual metaphors were LIFE IS AN ENTITY, LIFE IS A JOURNEY and LIFE IS A CONTINUOUS ACTIVITY.

Although metaphors have been commented upon from time to time throughout recorded history, it has only been in the last three decades that the theory of conceptual metaphors has been proposed. Most research has concerned spatial metaphors. This means that time has not received as much attention. This paper is a cross-language examination of conceptual metaphors of time in the languages of Thai and English. The research analyzed metaphorical expressions of time, identified the conceptual metaphors of time represented by those metaphorical expressions, and then compared the number, kind and expressions of conceptual metaphors of time operating in Thai and English. In order to conduct this research, the English novel 3001 : A Space Odyssey, by Arthur C. Clarke and a version translated into Thai, by ลักษณรงค์, were used as a data base. All metaphorical expressions of time appearing in the books were recorded. The expressions were then analyzed. Then the metaphorical expressions were grouped under the conceptual metaphors that were detected in the two languages. Finally, the quantities were analyzed and certain conclusions were reached and generalizations made. The conceptual metaphors identified in this research were : Time is a moving object, moving observer, containment, resource, possessor, space, and money. However, time is money and moving observer were not found in Thai. The most culturally coherent conceptual metaphor of time operating in English was moving object with containment and resource following. The least coherent conceptual metaphor was moving observer. In Thai, the most culturally coherent conceptual metaphor was containment followed by resource and then moving object. The least coherent was time is a possessor.

Conceptual Blending Theory provides a scheme to explain the dynamic characteristics and operational picture of meaning construction of natural language. This paper employs Lakoff & Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Gilles Fauconnier & Mark Turner’s Conceptual Blending Theory as a foundation. It combines the Metaphor Identification Procedure developed by Pragglejaz Group to systematically identify and classify conceptual metaphors in the humanities section of Brush Talks from Dream Brook (420 entries). The research found that structural metaphors are relatively less common, followed by orientational metaphors, with ontological metaphors being the most frequent. Further analysis of the most representative subcategories of these three major classes of metaphors is conducted through exemplification. By dissecting the projection, alignment, and integration of concepts across four mental spaces, the research attempts to elucidate the meaning construction and conceptual integration of these conceptual metaphors.

The study explores the conceptual metaphor of "MEDIA AS A TRAP" in Vietnamese and English, aiming to understand perceptions of media in these linguistic contexts. Using the theory of conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics, alongside descriptive and semantic analysis methods, the research establishes and analyzes the mapping from the source domain of "TRAP" to the target domain of "MEDIA." By examining metaphorical expressions in press texts, the study uncovers underlying cognitive models, including media as trickery and media as a scam. Survey data reveals similar frequencies of metaphorical expressions in both languages, with 110 instances in Vietnamese and 90 in English, indicating a shared understanding of the metaphor. The analysis highlights significant parallels and distinctions in the conceptual metaphor "MEDIA IS A TRAP" between Vietnamese and English, underscoring its universal cognitive and linguistic significance. Both languages employ similar conceptual metaphorical expressions, yet exhibit subtle differences reflecting distinct cultural perspectives.

This research aims to classify the conceptual metaphors in Paramore’s After Laughter (2017) album. The data for the research were taken from 11 songs in the album After Laughter. The data were analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) theory of conceptual metaphor. From the 11 songs, 47 data were identified containing conceptual metaphors. Overall, the data mostly consist of orientational metaphors. There were 37 data containing orientational metaphors, which are used by the songwriters to convey to their listeners that they had experienced ups and downs in their lives. Eight structural metaphors were used to deliver the message that life is full of challenges and struggle. However, it also conveys a lesson of the most genuine forgiveness. Only 2 data containing ontological metaphors were found. The conceptual metaphors depict the devastation in their lives, as it is tangible through human imagination and has human characteristics. By using conceptual metaphors in the song lyrics, the songwriters enable the listeners to acknowledge the message, as well as the story that they meant to convey.

Climate change is complex, probabilistic, and often difficult to communicate to non-specialist audiences. This study examines how conceptual metaphors are used to frame climate change in popular-science writing by analyzing a small corpus of seven climate-change–related articles from Knowable Magazine (13,392 words). Guided by Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson), metaphoric expressions were manually identified and classified into ontological, orientational, and structural metaphors. The results show that ontological metaphors occur most frequently (309 instances; 59.65%), followed by structural metaphors (181; 34.94%), while orientational metaphors are comparatively rare (28; 5.41%). Qualitative analysis indicates that ontological metaphors help objectify and visualize abstract climate processes, enabling writers to present risks and causal mechanisms more concretely. Structural metaphors contribute to explanatory depth by mapping climate change onto more familiar domains (e.g., systems, constraints, or conflict), supporting argumentation about responsibility and solutions. Overall, the findings suggest that popular-science discourse relies heavily on metaphor to enhance readability, guide interpretation, and encourage engagement with mitigation and adaptation efforts.

The aim of the study is to explore the metaphorical expressions in AyiKweiArmah'sThe Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born using the conceptual theory of metaphor (CMT) by Lakoff& Johnson (1980) and Idealized cognitive models (ICMs) by Radden&Kovecses (1999) as its framework. The research objectives include identifying metaphorical expressions, exploring cognitive mechanisms and highlighting the function of idealized cognitive models (ICMs) in the text. A qualitative approach was employed, involving a descriptive analysis of linguistic expressions in the text. The data collection process involved reading the text multiple times, highlighting linguistic expressions and categorizing them according to structural metaphors using CMT. The study identifies 42 metaphorical expressions grouped under 14 conceptual metaphors The study found 14 conceptual metaphors. The findings also revealed the extensive use of structural metaphors in the text, supporting the universality of conceptual metaphors (Lakoff& Johnson, 1980; Kovecses, 2010). Additionally, 6 idealized cognitive models (ICMs) were identified as playing a role in the creation of these conceptual metaphors. This research contributes to the understanding of cognitive metaphorical expressions in literary texts, highlighting the significance of CMT in analyzing conceptual metaphors and ICMs. The findings also support the claim of the universality of metaphors, demonstrating how metaphorical expressions are extensively exploited in literary text.

Over the past few decades, the Conceptual Metaphor theory has attracted scholarly and practitioner attention in the construction of metaphoric advertising, which is driven by the claim that abstract concepts intended to be delivered are better communicated through a conceptual metaphor (Reddy 1979). Metaphoric advertising is a communicative mechanism that sends out intended messages while also provoking positive emotions and triggering attention from the recipient. In order to augment prior findings, this article aims to provide the metaphorical account of a conceptual mechanism delineated in K-Beauty metaphoric advertising by classifying their sub-types into structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors. To that end, this study compiled the K-Beauty metaphoric advertising corpora, which held over four thousand tokens of slogans and taglines extracted from beauty product advertisements generated in translated English, thus aiming to discuss primary instances of metaphorical mappings and conceptualizations, as well as their persuasive functions. Overall, the results evidenced that structural metaphors outperformed the other two sub-types, typifying systematic qualities and rich source domains. Of all the conceptual metaphor sub-categories, it was observable that the ENTITY and SUBSTANCE metaphors, which are a sub-type of ontological metaphors, were the most robust, signifying that ontological metaphors may adopt an imaging mechanism to transfer metaphorical mappings from a source domain to a target domain. The findings argue that particular metaphor choices in metaphoric advertising are closely linked to a cognitive mechanism triggered by cultural awareness pertaining to persuasion and promotion. Based on the current findings, implications and future research directions will also be discussed.

The objectives of this research are to find conceptual metaphors and their persuasive functions employed by Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto on his speech at the Shangri-La Dialogue 2024. This research utilizes a qualitative descriptive method, grounded in the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the categories of persuasive purposes of metaphors as outlined by Charteris-Black (2018). The research found three types of conceptual metaphors: Important is Depth (orientational metaphor), strategies are tools (ontological metaphor), and trust is a financial asset (structural metaphor). These metaphors serve various persuasive functions, including ideological, empathetic, predicative, and heuristic purposes. The findings may be valuable for those interested in using conceptual metaphors as persuasive tools to engage and influence their audiences.

Many people would argue that metaphor is a characteristic of extraordinary rather than ordinary speech. However, Lakoff and Johnson (2003: 8) strongly disagree with that claiming that our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in its nature. Moreover, metaphors do not only shape our communication but the way we think or act. Occurring primarily in thought, metaphors are grounded in culture ; hence serve as a valuable resource for a cross-cultural linguistic research. This paper aims at studying similarities and differences of English and Croatian perspective of love in terms of a journey. For the purpose of this research, Lakoff and Johnson’s 8 metaphorical linguistic expressions of LOVE IS A JOURNEY conceptual metaphor from Metaphors we live by (2003) were used in a survey and offered to 28 native Croatian speakers and former English language and literature students majoring in the field of translation studies being asked to provide their Croatian equivalents. After the conducted survey, the research has shown the great similarity of metaphorical linguistic expressions in English and Croatian language. However, it has shown that, in order to maintain the same effect, sometimes different tenses or voice perspectives have to be used. Furthermore, it has shown the existence of the same metaphorical expression in the respective languages, yet used within different conceptual metaphor. Moreover, the research has shown not only interliguistic but also intralinguistic differences, i.e. synonimical options Croatian language has due to a close geographical, historical, cultural and linguistic contact with Serbian language. In conclusion, it has been proved that even though two languages might share the same conceptual metaphor, the actual linguistic expressions underlying the conceptual metaphor may be coined on the basis of cultural-ideological differences, thus referring to metaphors being both cognitive as well as cultural entities.

Proverbs contain messages, advice, criticism, punishment, and allusions. However, understanding proverbs need more effort due to the metaphorical expressions used in chaining the words. Therefore, the objectives of this study are toto investigate what values are contained in the Batak Toba language which can then be applied in the world of education and to draw a conceptual metaphor of how the Toba Batak culture is shown in a conceptual metaphor. Conceptual metaphors are studied from cognitive semantics, which also studies how to know the human mind through a mapping. This study is a qualitative descriptive study using the theory of conceptual metaphor from Lakoff and Turner (1989) and Lakoff and Johnson (1999) who developed the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, or CTM, which has been followed and subsequently improved over the years by various scholars. The study found that in BTL. Interpreting the intention and meaning in the proverbs metaphorical expression can be done through a semantic cognitive approach by mapping the source domain to target domain (A → B) concept. The conceptual metaphor found in the proverbs are humbleness is hand down, giving is hand hiding, an empty hand is someone’s inability, Shoulder is a hard surface for containment, eyes are teachers, hair is the size of problem, careful thought is wetted lips, and empty stomach is a danger. The study also found educational values from the proverb applied in educational institution.

ChatGPT, a modern artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot, has emerged as an unprecedented breakthrough in multiple domains traditionally dominated by humans. Its ability to engage in human-like conversations has the potential to influence the fields of linguistics and education. The fundamental functions of ChatGPT in teaching and learning have been the subject of some research, but its application in textual analysis has received scant attention. This study aims to investigate how ChatGPT assists in analyzing conceptual metaphors (CMs) in short stories used in language assessment. Based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the study identified the structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors in 22 short stories from the book Tests and Us 2, first by the cutting-edge AI program ChatGPT (GPT-4), then refined by the researchers and validated by linguistic experts. The results showed a total of 250 conceptual metaphors, including 131 structural metaphors, 64 ontological metaphors, and 55 orientational metaphors. When validated by human specialists, GPT-4 accurately recognized conceptual metaphors in 81.2% of the cases, amounting to 203 instances. The most dominant error made by GPT-4 was classifying non-metaphoric expressions as metaphoric, followed by providing unclear explanations and classifying metaphoric expressions as non-metaphoric. Errors associated with being too general and too non-literal, unmatched categorization as well as wrong mapping of source or target domain also occurred. Our study shows that ChatGPT, despite its controversial position in academic settings, can be used as a relatively reliable tool in aiding the analysis of textual data.

The traditional theories considered metaphor a rhetorical device only and claim that the purpose of metaphor is only beatification of language and the usage in poetic shaping and of words. But CMT (Conceptual Metaphor Theory) challenged this view and on the contrary they claim that metaphor is conceptual and that it is understanding one thing in terms of another. According to this theory, Metaphor is unavoidable inherent part of our conceptual system, reasoning, and speech that makes the world around us understandable and comprehendible for us. Conceptual metaphor theory is applied here in this research to identify, interpret and analyze the conceptual metaphors for love in Pashto language and culture. This research also establishes the entailment and mappings of these metaphorical linguistic expressions in different contexts and categorizes the Metaphorical linguistic expression for love in Pashto language into Structural, Orientational and Ontological metaphors. Keywords: Metaphor, Conceptual, Love, Pashto, Entailment, CMT.