Power Engineering in Innovative Changes in the Nature of Economic Activity

Topicality.. An analysis of the existing infrastructure in Ukraine and its regions, against which innovative changes in the national and regional economies and social components are to be implemented, show that Ukraine has not yet passed the factor stage of the development of society and the mentality of the nation, no institutional changes have been made, or the infrastructure of the transition to the next stages of formation of the investment-information society. At the same time, the development and growth of the economy in modern conditions is determined by the level of innovation activity, the development of high-tech production, the introduction and effective use of innovations of various orientations in economic activity. Improving innovation is a complex scientific and practical problem, especially at the regional level. Aim and tasks. Establish theoretical positions of the problem of forming the mechanism of infrastructural support of innovation activity of the subjects of the economic complex of the region and offer a methodical approach to the creation of a regional innovation terminal within the framework of a regional innovation system. Research results. As established in the course of the study, the formation mechanism of innovative software innovation entities of the region economic complex should be guided by the general and specific principles of management: targeted development, unity of strategic, tactical and operational management of innovative activity, the unity of information, financial and resource flows at all stages of the production cycle innovation, the development of mechanisms for the protection of intellectual property, with social and economic and environmental responsibility and security at the meso and micro level, the economy of innovation. Conclusions. Thus, the methodological aspects discussed in this paper on the development of the mechanism for the infrastructural support of innovation activity allow us to take into account the specific features of the development of the subjects and objects of the regional innovation system and ensure their competitiveness in market conditions. To improve the mechanism of innovative innovation, a regional innovation terminal has been proposed, the main function of which is to convert scientific and technical, technological and innovative ideas, and other results of scientific and technical activities into products perceived by the market. Further research in the area of ??balanced regional infrastructure should ensure an increase in the competitiveness of the regions of Ukraine.

The problem of operational planning of a biogas combined heat and power (CHP) plant under conditions of limited biofuel resources is analyzed in this paper. The power plant operation mode depends on the biomass amount and its delivery. Consideration of parameters with high dispersion, such as the ambient temperature, thermal energy consumption and energy price, makes the problem solution much more complicated and requires new algorithms and software tools. This paper proposes an algorithm of stochastic optimization to estimate the maximum value of income by taking into account the random nature of variables. When the biomass resource is limited, the need of its optimal distribution for all the time periods considered becomes of top importance. In this paper, a case study is conducted on a realistic biogas CHP plant that demonstrates the feasibility of our stochastic optimization algorithm. It is concluded that the proposed algorithm can increase the efficiency of the biogas power plant operations under conditions of limited resources. The main distinction of this paper is that a biogas CHP plant optimization model is considered from the point of view of income maximization under market conditions taking into account the limited biomass resources.

Nuclear new build in the United States 1990–2010: A three state analysis

Several International Organizations, such as the IAEA, OECD-NEA and the EC have raised concerns regarding a possible shortage of skilled people in the Nuclear Energy Sector in Europe. Apart from measures undertaken by International Communities and several EU-Member States it is vital to know how to attract potential employees. The three organizations a) EHRO-N, the European Human Resources Observatory in the Nuclear Energy Sector, operated by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, b) ENS, the European Nuclear Society and c) Thomas Thor Associates jointly prepared a survey on career orientations and expectations of nuclear professionals. The web based Survey of 18 questions was distributed to the network of EHRO-N, ENS and Thomas Thor Associates, guaranteeing data protection rules. The survey could therefore reach around 10.000 potential respondents. A summary and analysis of the responses of the survey are presented in this report.

The experimental small modular reactors (SMRs) have come to gain immense attention and importance given the global quest to quickly achieve net-zero goals. The Indian Government, too, has been pushing for SMRs to aid its industrial decarbonization targets and eventually wield the supply mediation in the race to acquire this novel technology. However, one of the key debates driving SMR discourse in India is the dilemma of allowing the involvement of the private sector into the nuclear energy realm. Although this idea seems to be an exciting solution to India’s energy woes, the reevaluation of a 60-year-old energy law comes with a new set of security challenges and financial opportunities for New Delhi regarding the manufacturing and deployment of these new state-of-the-art reactors. This paper analyzes the efficacy of incorporating SMRs into India’s energy mix and if it would be more advantageous to allow private investments into the nuclear energy sector. This research studied India’s energy laws and traced its amendments and shortcomings over the years. Although leveraging the private entities may prove to be beneficial in providing cost-effective and smooth grid-adjustment fixes for the nuclear energy sector, the method will face major structural and security challenges and will require an extensively elaborate technology-neutral policy framework with a focus on green taxonomies, as well as a pivot around societal acceptance. There has not been much research conducted on the idea of commencing private involvement in the Indian nuclear energy sector apart from a few NITI Aayog reports and a few trivial opinion pieces in the print media. This study used archival policy reports, government documents, parliamentary discussions, and interviews of officials at the intersection of science and policy as sources to build an elaborate policy report on how beneficial the incorporation of private entities into the nuclear sector would be. Although SMRs have been on the policy lineups for almost a decade now, they have not translated into a practical commercial option. This research tried to investigate if allowing private players would benefit the quick deployment of SMR technology and, in turn, help to fulfill India’s commitment to chart its way to becoming net-zero by 2070.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is an identifying the impact of regional water management dependence on economic growth in the region. Methodology / approach. The subject of the study is theoretical and methodological basics of a new scientific paradigm for regulation the development of the regional socio-economic systems under the conditions of limited water resources. The study used traditional and special research methods, including: historical and logical – to analyze the evolution of regional socio-economic systems under conditions of limited water resources; abstractions and analogies – to reveal the essence of water-efficient regional socio-economic systems in the modern processes of regionalization and globalization; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis – to specify the categorical apparatus; statistical analysis to assess the level of needs of regional socio-economic systems in water resources and create an index of regional water management dependence; method of correlation analysis (biserial correlation, using a point biserial Pearson’s correlation coefficient). Results. The main idea of the paper is to study the issues of development of regional socio-economic systems under the conditions of limited water resources. Considering this, the paper is aimed at studying the impact of regional water management dependence on economic growth in the region. The tasks for development of regional socio-economic systems on the basis of water efficiency are defined, as well as the concept “water-efficient regional socio-economic system” is defined. The study presents a hypothesis about the need to change the paradigm of regulation of regional development on the basis of water use efficiency and regional water management dependence. In order to trade effectively with the main crops, it is necessary to determine whether there are sufficient water supplies in a given country and its regions. For this purpose, the authors proposes to use own indicator, such as the index of regional water management dependence. Thе characteristic of water management dependence is given, from regions where only up to half of the water supply of the territory is used, and to regions where more than 100 % of the water supply of the territory is used. The research has updated that the expansion of knowledge and understanding of the specifics of the water sector can solve significant problems. It is proved that the economic growth of the Ukrainian economy due to the agricultural sector has its limits and is limited by the water management dependence of the territories, ie the limitation of certain territories of the regions of Ukraine in terms of water resources. The next effective economic growth is possible only through the implementation of water-efficient technologies and intensification of water-efficient activities in the region. Originality / scientific novelty. The study for the first time defines the concept of water-efficient regional socio-economic system, so it is a socio-economic system that provides for the restoration of water resources in the region, reducing the water intensity of gross regional product (GRP) and approaching European norms and proposes the classification of regions according to the index of regional water management dependence on the basis of its threshold values. A scientific and methodological approach to assessing the level of needs of regional socio-economic systems in water resources has been improved, based on the application of the index of regional water management dependence, which is proposed to calculate the ratio of total fresh water use in the region to the volume of available river runoff in the region (parts of the water potential). The classification of regional socio-economic systems according to the level of water supply has been improved, which is based on the definition of threshold values of the index of regional water management dependence. The methodological bases for assessing the impact of the spatial economy on regional development under conditions of limited water resources have been improved, which differ in substantiating the dependence of the level of development of regions on the available water potential of the territory. Practical value / implications. The results of the study allow a more comprehensive approach to the study of the problem of using water resources in Ukraine in the context of their limitation. The results of the study showed that the economic complex in most regions is water-intensive and unbalanced, as well as does not provide restoration of water resources by environmental parameters and requires the implementation of infrastructure schemes for redistribution of water resources between regions for economic activity. The results are recommended for consideration by local governments and regional administration for the development and implementation of “Regional programs for the development of water management in the region” and for the development of “Strategies for regional development until 2025–2027”.

Мета роботи: аналіз та узагальнення основних напрацювань Міністерства оборони України на шляху ефективного застосування оборонного планування на основі спроможностей та визначення проблемних питань, які необхідно вирішити на цьому шляху. Метод дослідження: декомпозиція, аналіз, узагальнення, прогнозування, власні міркування авторів. Результати дослідження: проаналізовано сучасний стан розвитку оборонного планування на основі спроможностей та визначені проблеми, які потребують швидкого вирішення в короткостроковій перспективі. Теоретична цінність дослідження: дане дослідження було спрямовано на розкриття можливостей оборонного планування на основі спроможностей для країни, що знаходиться в стані війни із значно потужнішим ворогом та змушена шукати шляхи супротиву в умовах жорсткої обмеженості ресурсів. Практична цінність дослідження: дана робота може виступати базою для подальших досліджень в напрямку розвитку оборонного планування в умовах повномасштабної агресії та обмеженості ресурсів. Тип статті: аналітична.

The main objective of this study is to give an overview of new initiatives and best practices developed during the last few years on the national level. As the development of nuclear E&T is primarily defined by the policies and national regulations for the nuclear sector, and only secondarily through the general policies that apply to the high education (HE) and vocational education and training (VET) systems, main attention is given to the educational activities specific for the

EHRO-N, the European human resource observatory for the nuclear energy sector, was given the task to explore the link between supply and demand for nuclear human resources in the EU-27 in the short-, medium-, and long-term future. This task was achieved through EHRO-N's own research activities and through co-operating with other relevant actors from the nuclear energy area in EU-27. Formally the co-operation between EHRO-N and the nuclear energy sector in the EU-27 is being conducted through the so called EHRO-N Senior Advisory Group (SAG), where sit the representatives of research organisations, industry, international organisations, etc. and oversee the activities of EHRO-N. At the moment of the start of EHRO-N's activities, there was no comprehensive picture for the EU-27 as a whole as far as the supply and demand for relevant nuclear human resource is concerned. National data on this kind of supply and demand is of utmost importance but countries in the EU-27 vary among them as for the level of available information. Some EU Member States have already monitored their nuclear workforce supply and demand through comprehensive national surveys (e.g. France and UK, and most recently Finland). In the other EU Member States, the data is either not complete or missing altogether. Some, but not complete, data is obtainable from reports of international organisations like IAEA and OECD/NEA but this is in no way replacing the need for comprehensive national reports in EU-27 on the nuclear human resource situation. The purpose of this report was to 1. See if the supply for relevant nuclear human resource (we focused in this first EHRO-N report on the highly skilled workforce, or on the so called nuclear experts) is sufficient for the demand for these personnel in EU-27 by 2020. 2. Put the supply of/demand for nuclear experts in EU-27 by 2020 in wider perspective, learn from the activities already conducted and set the way forward. While this first EHRO-N report is a valuable contribution to the issue of supply and demand of nuclear human resource in EU-27, we are aware that for more refined and accurate data that can determine policy, the most effective way is to envisage regular nuclear human resource monitoring in the future based on a strong interaction between all relevant nuclear energy stakeholders in the EU-27.

Traditional quantum system control methods often face different constraints, and are easy to cause both leakage and stochastic control errors under the condition of limited resources. Reinforcement learning has been proved as an efficient way to complete the quantum system control task. To learn a satisfactory control strategy under the condition of limited resources, a quantum system control method based on enhanced reinforcement learning (QSC-ERL) is proposed. The states and actions in reinforcement learning are mapped to quantum states and control operations in quantum systems. By using new enhanced neural networks, reinforcement learning can quickly achieve the maximization of long-term cumulative rewards, and a quantum state can be evolved accurately from an initial state to a target state. According to the number of candidate unitary operations, the three-switch control is used for simulation experiments. Compared with other methods, the QSC-ERL achieves close to 1 fidelity learning control of quantum systems, and takes fewer episodes to quantum state evolution under the condition of limited resources.

The article reveals the main characteristics of motivational management of the enterprise, directly related to the innovation development, especially in conditions of limited resources. The authors define the main goal of the motivation process and analyze the role of motivational management in the activities of modern enterprises and organizations. It is established that the development of an effective system motivation of employees stimulates their actions, and therefore activates and directs their actions to the development of innovative activities and contributes to increasing the level of interest in making a significant labor contribution to the achievement of the goals set by the enterprise. As a result of the research the internal and external motivational factors influencing motivational management and innovations implementation. It was found that creative activity in the innovative activity of enterprises is achieved through an optimal combination of various incentives, however, the current incentive system at enterprises is not able to effectively stimulate employees to engage in innovative activities. The authors propose the system of formation of motivational management of innovative development of the enterprise in conditions of limited resources and environmental influences. The coefficients of motivational management at the industrial enterprises in the conditions of limited resources have been calculated by means of mathematical modeling.

The global nuclear energy sector is at crossroads. Driven by the global campaign on climate change, nuclear energy was seen as the hope of a clean alternative to fossil fuels, which raised hopes of a rejuvenation and revival of the global nuclear industry. The expectant turnaround, often termed as a nuclear energy renaissance, has though not yet come about, largely owing to public perception about the safety of nuclear plants. While it was events such as Chernobyl and Three Mile Island that created the slowdown in the first place, incidents like Fukushima drove public apprehension and popular protests against upcoming nuclear power projects. On the one hand, such apprehensions have prodded many advanced industrial nations to announce phasing out of nuclear power and shift to renewable energy resources, and on the other hand, emerging economies such as China and India are heavily investing on nuclear energy as a source to power their economic growth. The dichotomy exists in the fact that advanced societies continue to rely on nuclear power amid falling gas prices and grid demands even as emerging economies are facing issues of restrictions on access to nuclear resources and technological limitations, along with public resistance, in their quest for uninhibited exploitation of peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Will the massive expansion of nuclear energy sector, especially in the Asian region, drive a global renaissance in the nuclear energy sector? Will the emerging economies overcome the inherent challenges and harness opportunities for the renaissance to take shape? Who will be the key players driving this growth, revival and rejuvenation story, and what are drivers and impediments to its fulfilment? This paper undertakes a reality check of this burgeoning ecosystem and examines whether a nuclear energy renaissance is actually in the offing.

Relevance of the research topic. The formation of the budget plays an important role in the system of state financial support for the socio-economic development of the country. The effectiveness of budget policy is determined by the level of development of financial and budgetary institutions aimed at economic growth. It is important to determine the economic essence and directions of budget policy as a tool for economic growth, the introduction of effective budget mechanisms in the conditions of economic transformations. Formulation of the problem. Budgetary policy in the conditions of economic transformations should be an effective tool for solving the main tasks of the socio-economic development of the country. Analysis of recent research and publications. The question of the formation and implementation of budget policy is quite widespread in scientific research. These are the scientific works of famous domestic and foreign scientists: Sh. Blancart, P. Samuelson, I. Chugunov, T. Kaneva, L. Lysiak, I. Lukyanenko, A. Mazaraki, V. Makogon, V. Oparin, M. Pasichnyi, O. Samoshkina, V. Fedosov and others. Highlighting unexplored parts of the general problem. In the conditions of economic transformations, it is important to form and implement the budget policy as an effective tool for the socio-economic developmentof the country. Further development of the budget planning and execution system, improvement of the budget mechanism in conditions of limited budget resources is expedient. Setting the task, the goal of the research. The main tasks of the study are to reveal the essence of the formation and implementation of the budget policy in the conditions of economic transformations, the main directions of improvement of the budget mechanism of the socio-economic development of the country, thefurther development of the budget planning and execution system in the conditions of limited budget resources. The purpose of the study is to reveal the theoretical foundations and improve the mechanisms of budget policy formation and implementation in the conditions of economic transformations. Method or methodology of research. The article uses a set of methods and approaches of scientific research: systemic, factorial, comparative, synthesis, generalization, scientific abstraction and others. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The essence of the formation and implementation of budget policy in the conditions of economic transformations is revealed; received further development of provisions regarding the budget planning and implementation system in conditions of limited budget resources. The theoretical foundations have been developed and the mechanisms for the formation and implementation of the budgetary policy of the socio-economic development of the country have been developed, it has been determined that the architecture of the budgetary policy should create institutional conditions for the functioning of the budgetary mechanism in order to effectively influence economic growth, comprehensive development of society, and increase the well-being of the population. The results of the research can be used in the process of formation andimplementation of budget policy. Conclusions according to the article. Effective use of budget funds is one of the important problems of budget planning and implementation in conditions of limited budget resources, and an important step towards solving this issue is the improvement of the budget expenditure management system of increasing the effectiveness of their use. The budgetary mechanism of the socio-economic development of the country in the conditions of martial law should provide for the effective and efficient achievement of the economic, social and defense priorities of the country’s development, which involves the planning of budget expenditures andresults from the use of budget funds.

The problem of promoting innovations created by domestic business to national and international markets is outlined. The factors restraining this process are indicated. Solving the problems of implementing innovative developments of domestic scientists and their promotion to a changing market is hampered by the underdevelopment of mechanisms for building marketing and communication fields balanced in resources and interests by various market actors in the contour of solving priority tasks of society. The insufficiency of professional use of ramified advertising and marketing tools on new marketing and communication platforms (with intellectualized digitalization of interactions) is argued. The understanding of the essence of the innovative solvency of economic entities within the framework of the processes of marketing-behavioral adaptation to new challenges built by business and power is proposed. The paper presents a roadmap for the implementation of marketing-behavioral adaptation of business to the requirements of the new economic reality in the context of innovative changes and the need to strengthen the competitiveness of the national economy. The paper argues the principles of building such a roadmap, adjusted to the implementation of innovative changes and the formation of a mobilization-market platform in a new methodological vector of achieving socio-economic consensus between the interacting parties. Some promising tools for managing the development of territories as a business ecosystem have been identified with the participation of the scientific community of higher education and with the creation of extensive systems of collaborative partnership between various subjects of diverse sectors of the region's economy. The model of management of competitive stability of subjects of national economy in conditions of marketing and behavioral adaptation of business to innovative changes in the vector of achievement of socio-economic consensus by means of effective use of human capital is offered.

In all modern economies, the state has an indisputable, and often primary, economic role. The basic task of the state in relation to the economy of each country is to establish and maintain the functioning of the legal and institutional platform on which economic activity is being conducted. Practice has clearly shown that in certain circumstances, the free market fails to function properly by often introducing economic activity into a negative coil, from which it can not be done without the state intervention to cope with this situation the private sector. The recurring economic crises clearly dictate the need for intervention by the state to overcome the temporary failure in the functioning of the market mechanism. In such cases, the benefit of state intervention in the economy is justified by the capabilities the state owns. However, state intervention is distorted when interfering with politics to realize their aspirations to the detriment of economic activity which results in failure. Since the war, Kosovo's economy has established the principles of a market economy in a formal way, but this is valid and continues only for the middle and lower tier, while for politicians and close people with the politic, it doesn’t apply because this category of people affects the doing business, and as a result, every day the market economy is challenged. Through professional literature and research, we will contribute to the conclusions and recommendations that will be needed for the market economy and doing business in harmony with the competition law. The broad definition of economics as science of economic actions is acceptable, while formalization of the definition takes more into account the nature of the problems studied by economists although some reduce them or prefer to emphasize even in reported societies born and built in the process of producing matrix goods. (Bundo, 1998, p. 17). The existence and development of every human society depends first and foremost on securing the products and services needed for individual and collective human life. Under these conditions, it is fully understandable that the economic field has been and remains the most important field of human activity. For these reasons it is perfectly understandable that any other society, regardless of the stages of its development, is obliged to pay special attention to the study and study of the organization and functioning of individual or collective economic activity. Initially, man's knowledge of economic activity came from his empirical observations and only in the last four centuries they have been expressed through the study of different authors as principles and scientific law. Each stream of economic thought, according to the degree of development of society, has had its own views on the specific categories, principles and laws of functioning and economic development. However, in spite of changing the views of the particular currents of economic thought, most authors have highlighted the main economic problems that each society must face in its various stages of its development. These major problems facing any society can be summarized; Firstly, both from empirical observations and from scientific arguments, it has been found that one of the most fundamental contradictions of economic activity is the contradiction between the limited amount of matrix and human sources of society and the unlimited and individual and collective demands and wishes of others .Secondly, from the discovery and formulation of this principle it was concluded that in the conditions of limited maternal and human resources and the unlimited demands of the individuals and society as a whole, every society should choose the priority of complementary needs through use of limited resources. (Pano, Angjeli, 2015, pp. 9,10)