POVERTY ALLEVIATION OF FARMING COMMUNITY IN HAOR AREA THROUGH FARMING SYSTEMS

Study on Integrated Farming Systems Model Development was conducted by the Livelihood Improvement of Farming Community in Haor area through System approach Project of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultral University, Mymensigh worked in Purbo Tethulia village of Moahjganj upazilla, Netrakona district from April 2010 to June 2013 with the financial assistance from the National Agricultural Technology Project, SPGR subproject, Bangladesh Agricultural Council with the following objectives i. Increase productivity of field crops, vegetables, livestock and fishes in a household through the use of appropriate technogies and techniques devised/developed/ designed/refined by the farmers for ensuring household food security and nutritional upliftment and raising income ii. Diversify enterprises, mobilize resources and intensify farming and non farming activities for in situ employment generation iii. Conserve farm environment through efficient mobilization and management of natural resource for sustainable production sysyems iv. Develop human resoures for capacity building of the participants and improve their livelihood through system approach. Research programme was finalized in the Bench Mark Survey Workshop. Farmer selection for different research acivities was done as per plan for defferent five components. The crop and agroforestry component conducted experiments both in the homestead land and crop land. In the homestead area, year round vegetables were intervened through community trial for three years. Production of timber trees like mahogany, lambu and fruit trees like mango, guave, jujube, litchi, lemon papaya and jackfruit was also practiced. Timber trees are now at growing stage and among the fruit trees some like papaya, jujube and lemon are at bearing stage. African dhaincha was introduced around homestead fallow/waste land to protect homestead area from wave thrust and to produce biomass fuel. Field trials on rice, vegetables, spices and oil crops were conducted to intensify and diversify the cropping pattern and as well as to utilize the fallow/ waste land of the research site. Under livestock component, experiments were conducted on rearing of egg producing hen, duck, fattening of animals, milching cow, artificial insemination and chemical evaluation of available feedstuffs. A continuous vaccination programme against common diseases of poultry was maintained throughout the study period. Farmers’ response was very positive towards the experimental results. In the fisheries component, experiment on cage culture in open water, perennial and seasonal pond culture, dry fish and pickle were conducted/done. Among the experiments cage culture in open water proved to be a promising technology and fish pickle was highly appreciated in panel test. For the rural hydrology and mechanization component four studies were conducted. The physico-chemical properties of farm land and homestead soils were determined. Additional application of sulphur and zinc fertilizers were found not required. Both the surface and groundwater characteristics were studied. The maximum flood water depth was found around 3.0 m at farm land. Irrigation facilities developed by installing a shallow tubewell (STW) resulted higher crop production and motivated farmers to install four new STWs by their own capital. All the households (462) of Purbo Tethulia were intervened from the project. The interventions were crop, vegetable, livestock, poultry and fish farming. It was observed that as the number of enterprises increased in the farming systems, the income also increased. The evidence also showed that the training of the beneficiaries increased their knowledge and skill.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 325-336, December 2014

There is a great importance of dingaputa haor in fish production, maintaining biodiversity, meeting local demand and regional demand and also serve as the good source of fish seed supply for other water bodies. So a study was undertaken to evaluate the present situation of fish biodiversity of fish species in this region. During the study period 49 species of fish fauna including shrimp species were recorded. Among them, 7 species of carps, 12 species of catfishes, 4 species of snakehead, 5 species perches, 3 species of eels, 6 species < barbs, 2 species of minnows, 3 species of clupied species and other miscellaneous 7 species including shrimp mainly Macrobrachium rossenbergii and Macrobrachium malconsonii were recorded. The highest intensity and abundance were found in eel and clupeid. This result may be due to availability and broad distribution of eel and clupeid throughout the year and all kinds of water bodies. Some reasons are found which are liable for the loss of fish biodiversity such as Degradation of wetland beds due to heavy sedimentation and death of most of the wetlands in winter, Cultivation of rice or other field crops by artificially drying wetlands destroys natural fish habitat, Catch of wide number of small indigenous fishes and egg laying species of fish, Destruction of small indigenous fishes by using chemicals termed them as weed fish species and enhancement of water reclamation. Steps should be taken as early as possible to prevent further degradation.

Haor is basin like structure where water remains either stagnant or in flash flooding condition and agricultural activities are limited to four to five months in any year due to inundate on flood water. The main crop boro are usually damaged by flash floods nearly every year. So, the present study has been conducted with the specific objectives such as to assess the socio-economic background of the households, their agriculture practices and communication status they enjoy in disaster prone haor areas; to investigate reasons of vulnerability in haor community. The whole accomplishment process ensured HH questionnaire survey and sampled 150 HHs was from 6 different villages of three Haors, Dekar Haor, Kalner Haor and Karchar Haor by name. Two villages from each haor were selected at random. The HHs was also selected randomly. Data obtained from the 150 households (HH) undergone simple statistical analysis using MS XL and SPSS for analysing the survey data. The socioeconomic conditions of the peoples of the study area poor as larger family size, smaller income resulting to compensate expenditure according to income, mean land possess are 40.4 decimals only, mean income was 10,346 BDT, 28% are illiterate etc. Agriculture is the main occupation, above 28% are agriculture labor and 56% have secondary occupations. There were 27% who owned livestock, 24% had pond or haor share for fishing. They prefer BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 28 nearly equally (50% and 48% of them respectively) and duck rearing. Agriculture, livestock and fisheries are ranked as one for choice of occupation by 52%, 36% and 7.3% respectively. Nearly 50% face challenges to get price from their crops. The communication is easy in wet season and good weather by river transport but incurs cost and time consuming. The 100% respondents face floods of varying nature and 98% asked they are not resilient. Therefore, people in haor basins are vulnerable due to their current socioeconomic conditions, agriculture practices, health services and communication status making them limitations in cases of access to high-tech agricultural practices for improved production which in turn lead to sound socioeconomic status of those people.

The research was carried out in the area of Forests (Agroforestry) of Dusung in Toisapu Negeri Hutumuri Hamlet, South Leitimur Subdistrict, Ambon City, continued to Pattimura University Ambon Faculty of Agriculture Technology Laboratory, Chemical and Soil Fertility Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar, South Sulawesi taken at the research location) and Pattimura University Ambon's Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (to measure understorey litter samples taken at the research site and dried at the Technology Laboratory) and took place from August to October 2018. The study was conducted to determine the estimated carbon content stored in the scale of dusung agroforestry. Therefore, it begins with sampling at the level of the understorey, serasaf, dead wood (necromas) and topsoil. The results of the study for measurements of understorey biomass, litter (rough and fine) and dead wood, known that carbon uptake stored above the surface was 25,398.60 Kg / m² or 2,539.86 tons / ha. While the assumptions for land use systems are able to contribute to carbon absorption reserves assuming 46%, so that the value of carbon reserves in the agroforestry system is obtained and available carbon reserves of 11,683.36 tons / ha are available.

Development of Boro rice cultivation in the low-lying areas of Bangladesh : case studies in Haor and Bil areas

A field trial was conducted to study the interspecific competition, growth and productivity of maize and pea in intercropping mixture in the department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University from November 2009 to April 2010. In this intercrop association, maize was considered as main crop and pea as intercrop. The experiment comprised of four treatments namely, (i) sole maize, (ii) sole pea, (iii) single row intercropping mixture (1M:1P i.e. single row of maize followed by single row of pea), and (iv) double row intercropping mixture (1M:2P i.e., single row of maize followed by double rows of pea). Dry matter accumulation in cob/pod of each population plants was the maximum in sole cropped plants while that was found minimum in 1M: 2P intercropped plants especially for pea while 1M: 1P intercropped plants ranked intermediate. The 1M:2P combined maize and pea mixture produced maximum seed yield (7.82 t ha -1 ) which was about 10, 28 and 47% higher yield than the yield obtained from 1M:1P combined mixture stands (7.04 t ha -1 ), sole maize (5.65 t ha -1 ) and sole pea (4.15 t ha -1 ), respectively. The single and double row combined intercropping mixtures gave the highest land equivalent ratio (1.31 and 1.47) and area time equivalent ratio (1.33 and 1.25, respectively). In both 1M: 1P and 1M: 2P intercropping mixtures, maize population exhibited strongly higher competition over pea. The 1M: 1P and 1M: 2P intercropping mixtures generated 1.44 and 1.71-fold higher maize equivalent yield as compared to the yield obtained from maize alone.

Foliar spray of fertilizer does not only increase the crop yields but also reduce the quantities of fertilizer applied through soil. An attempt was taken to find out the efficacy and economic benefit of urea spray technology for getting higher yield using a local rice cultivar Haridhan and a modern rice cultivar BRRI dhan56. The research work was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from July to November 2015. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that foliar spray of urea solution had significant effect on several yield contributing characters. It was found that treatment T4 (where 50% of the recommended dose (RD) of urea was applied directly to soil by 2 equal splits and 20% of the RD of urea was applied as foliar spray with three equal splits at 30 DAT, 45 DAT and 60 DAT) gave significantly higher number of effective tillers hill-1, number of grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield than that of any other treatments. Both the varieties gave significantly higher yield with the treatment T4. In case of cost effectiveness, it was found that treatment T1 (where no urea was applied) exerted lowest cost of production (60,124 BDT ha-1), but, treatment T4 provided highest gross income (122,800 BDT ha-1), net income (60,436 BDT ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.97) as well as lowest cost per unit of product (5.27) for the varieties. The highest cost of production was found in case of treatment T6 where traditional method of urea was applied. Therefore, the present study concluded that about 30% recommended dose of urea/ha can be saved in each rice growing season by applying urea as foliar spray.

Agroforestry has played an important role in increasing land productivity and enhancing livelihoods in developed and developing countries. The geographical location of Ethiopia covers wide agro-climatic zones and very significant biodiversity. This wide geographical condition of Ethiopia has created diverse and convenience environments for the survival and development of a variety of flora. There are about 6000 species of higher plant taxa in Ethiopia of which about 10% are endemic. The main objective of this study was to investigate diversity of woody species in different agroforestry systems of Sokoru District, Jimma Zone. The study was conducted from February to May, 2018. Frist the population density, tree height, diameter at breast height and basal area for each tree were calculated. Next Analysis of Variance (one-way ANOVA) of SPSS version 20 was used to determine the variation of woody species density among different agroforestry systems of the study area. Whereas descriptive statistics such as: tables and graphs were used to present the analyzed data. The results showed high diversity of woody species in home garden (2.79) followed by pastureland (2.77) and cropland (2.1). Moreover, the high similarity in woody species composition was found in home garden and cropland (65.7%). There should be awareness among the people regarding to the direct and indirect significance of woody species in the agroforestry systems of the study area.

Bangladesh is highly populated country in the world, density with 1033 people per square kilometer. It is 1, 44,498 square kilometers in total area with a population of more than 140 million. The population of Bangladesh, approximately 47% is under 16 year and 17% of population is under 5 years of age. The population growth rate is only 2.6% and literacy rate on the other hand approx. 70 percent. Bangladesh is land of village. Around 84.8% of the population is living in rural areas in Bangladesh, a mainly rural country. It is a land of agriculture, and more than half of the rural population has land. In contrast more than half of rural population does not have land. They are land less people. 75% of children under the age of 12 are suffering ideal and balance food. Among them, about 85% of the population lives below the poverty line. According to the Urban Research Center, 60% of the population of Dhaka city is living below the poverty line. Shortage food and political unrest, poverty, child labour, lack of awareness and uneducated people. Uneducated parents are making a large family with many members. As a result population is increasing in sharp way and generated a variety of social problems, the generation of child labour frequency increases. Child labour in Bangladesh has increased remarkably in recent years. Traditionally, many children have always engaged in farming in villages, the numbers of child labour has rapidly increased in industrial and commercial sector. Working children are neglected by some of the social groups in Bangladesh. Sometimes they become floating population. Existing law and act in Bangladesh, does not except child labour in any industry and other sector. The children in urban area are living on the streets or in overcrowded slums and squatter settlements. 700,000 people have children under the age of 15 who work in urban areas, which is 17 per cent of the total urban labour force. Industry, transportation, commerce, domestic service, metal and leather factories, construction and garment factories engaged 65% of total labour force. In rural areas, most children and their families mainly depended on agricultural work. Most of the working children do not have the opportunity to go to school. The children are treated as a cheap labour. They always face various types of problems like feeding, clothing, bad working condition, unfixed salary, lack of recreation, mental physical and sexual harassment as well. In this article I will describe regarding the hindrance behind this miserable situation. Keyword: Child labour, Bangladesh, National Law, International law.

Two intensive systems of husbandry practices, Garut West Java and Yogyakarta Central Java, were chosen for this study. Both areas have been voluntarily made into a pilot farm for the application of RIA progesterone to improve reproductive performance. Five dairy cattle from Garut West Java, which according to Health Extension and Artificial Insemination Technicians anamneses and according to farmers who own the animal, were showing reproductive failure and were selected from those cattle for the study. Other fifteen dairy cattle from Yogyakarta area, with anamneses of having low reproductive performance, were also selected for this study. Milk progesterone sample were collected twice a week for five consecutive weeks period of time to follow the biological reproductive status of every animal, while samples from dairy cattle at Yogyakarta were collected three times post Artificial Insemination (AI) services, as according to Artificial Insemination Database Application (AIDA) procedure, to monitor the failure of AI, success rate of AI, and ovarian activities of the cattle. Result of the study in Garut shows that RIA progesterone indicates that animals need special treatments and most AI failed due to lack of historical information of the dairy cows. RIA progesterone leads to a suggestion that it can be use as a tool to monitor the reproductive disorder, as the recommendation made for those cows to anticipate reproductive disorder overcome the problems. Similar result found in Yogyakarta, which almost 50% of the observed animals failed to AI due to miss-estrus detection. Furthermore, from the RIA for milk progesterone, information of the reproductive disorder figures can be drawn and early suggestion could be made to anticipate losses. Overall, beside the reproductive historical record, RIA progesterone is important tool to be applied in the animal husbandry system in Indonesia as to improve the herd productivity and has an economical value to reduce operational cost at waiting period for feeding animal up to INS Rp 224,000 — 336,000 per head animal.

Editor--Cooper et al. (1) reviewed the non-specific effects on mortality of childhood vaccines. Although there are numerous studies detailing mortality following measles vaccination (MV) (2), only two studies cited in their article (3, 4) satisfied the authors' methodological criteria. The Zaire (3) and Bangladesh (4) studies compared mortality in areas with MV to adjacent areas without MV. The MV-associated relative mortality reductions were 31% and 46% and the absolute reductions were 2.1% and 1.8%. Since the case-fatality rate was assumed to be 2-4%, Cooper et al. concluded that there was insufficient evidence to suggest a mortality benefit above that caused by the prevention of measles infection. Hence, they questioned our non-specific effects hypothesis (2) after having excluded almost all MV studies. However, even the two studies retained (3, 4) in the Cooper ct al. article support the existence of nonspecific effects. First, Cooper et al. have not analysed the two studies in the same manner. In the Bangladesh study (4), measles-vaccinated children were compared to measles-unvaccinated children, whereas in the Zaire study (3), only 83% of children in the vaccinated area received MV. If vaccinated children from the vaccinated area are compared with unvaccinated children from the adjacent area, the relative mortality reduction was 48% (3, Table 1) giving an absolute reduction of 3.0%. Children in Bangladesh were vaccinated between 9 and 60 months of age; the difference in the proportion of children who died was 1.8% and it was this proportion which was used to indicate the absolute reduction. However, if accumulated mortality is used to estimate the absolute reduction as in Zaire (3), the absolute reduction seen in Bangladesh would be around 3.9% (4, Fig. 3). The relative (48%, 46%) and absolute 3.0%, 3.9%) reductions in the Zaire and Bangladesh studies were similar to the estimates seen in the less methodologically rigorous studies (1, 2). Interestingly, all of the study designs have yielded similar estimates (2-6), including: studies of mortality before and after the introduction of MV (2), blind studies with ineffective vaccine (2), and randomized studies (2, 6). Second, the assertion that the absolute reduction corresponds to measles-associated mortality is not supported by any study (2, 5, 6). Cooper et al. claim that MV-associated mortality differences were not examined in areas with concurrent morbidity and mortality surveillance (1). In fact, we reanalysed the Bangladesh study to determine the MV-associated mortality reduction that could be explained by the prevention of measles infection (5); surprisingly, prevention of measles infection accounted for very little of the reduction. When measles cases were censored in the survival analysis, the relative reduction changed merely from 49% to 43%. Mortality was lower after measles infection than among measles-uninfected children (2, 5). (There were no similar data from Zaire.) In Zaire, the difference in accumulated measles incidence for vaccinated and unvaccinated children was 25%, with a case-fatality rate of 7%, indicating that the measles-associated mortality difference would be less than 2% before 5 years of age. …

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This article aims to examine the situation on the environmental suitability of settlements in the state of Sao Paulo, and the potential of using agroforestry systems for rehabilitation and management of those areas. 10 settlements were analyzed by means of semi-structured interviews with representatives of the settlers, and analysis reports and data provided by the State Department of Environment. The results demonstrate that agroforestry has potential economic, ecological and social recovery of Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserves in settlements. However, for the practice may be more widespread, it takes greater technical and financial support for family farmers. The Department of Environment has demonstrates difficulty in monitoring these systems as they are being applied without any monitoring of the environmental agency. Recent changes in the Forest Code, which include the establishment of agroforestry systems in protected areas and Rural Environmental Registry, may change this situation, so further studies in this area should be conducted.

: A escolha de espécies nativas usadas na gestão de sistemas agroflorestais para recuperação de ambientes antropizados, são fundamentais para manutenção da biodiversidade e dos processos ecológicos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a complexidade estrutural e a diversidade de plantas em uma agroflorestal de teca, em comparação com uma floresta nativa tangente à área plantada. Assim, montamos 33 parcelas na área de floresta nativa e 24 na agrofloresta, ambas com dimensões de 10 × 10 m, na Fazenda São Nicolau, Cotriguaçu, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Coletamos os dados da estrutura da vegetação e calculamos os parâmetros fitossociológicos descritivos da estrutura da comunidade. Utilizamos i) PCoA para avaliar a similaridade florística entre floresta nativa e agrofloresta, ii) GLM para determinar a influência da abertura do dossel na estrutura da vegetação, e iii) ANOVA para analisar as características estruturais por síndrome de dispersão. Registramos 395 indivíduos arbóreos pertencentes a 98 espécies e 35 famílias, incluindo a espécie exótica Tectona grandis. Consideramos abundância e a área basal em relação à síndrome de dispersão, onde notamos, a zoocoria significativamente maior quando comparado com anemocoria e autocoria. Assim, consideramos a síndrome de dispersão zoocórica como fator que melhor explica a relação entre os tipos de florestas na Amazônia Meridional.

Dependence on food, especially carbohydrates can be reduced by digging for forest food sources, one of which is in the agroforestry system. This study aims to determine the diversity of forest food crops in agroforestry systems in Kuningan District, whether wild or cultivated. The method used for location determination is purposive sampling based on the location of agroforestry adjacent to the conservation area. The following villages 1) Cigugur Sub-district: Cisantana Village, Puncak Village, 2) Mandirancan Sub-district: Seda Village, Trijaya Village, 3) Darma Sub-district: Gunungsirah Village, Karangsari Village, and 4) Pasawahan Sub-District: Pasawahan Village, Desa Padabeunghar. Respondents were chosen based on purposive sampling which had land closest to conservation area with a minimum land of 0.25 ha. The result of the research is forestry food crop found in the agroforestry system in Kuningan District. Each is the plant as a source of carbohydrates as many as 6 species, plants as a source of fat as many as 5 species, and plants as a source of fruits as many as 19 species. The plants are almost evenly distributed in all villages, except for persimmon plants found only in Gunungsirah and Karangsari villages.Keywords: biodiversity, food plants, agroforestry, wild, cultivated