Potrait of Islam Culture and Arabic Literature in Italy

Serûc’da doğan Aḥmed b. İbrâhîm es-Serûcî (ö. 710/1310), küçük yaşlarda Şam’a oradan da Mısır’a göç etmiş ve burada yaşamını sürdürmüştür. VII/XIII yüzyılın ikinci çeyreği ile VIII/XIV. yüzyılın başları arasında Bahrî Memlükler döneminde yaşamıştır. Bu dönemde ilmî faaliyetler ve ilimle meşgul olanlar her zaman teşvik edilmiş ve âlimler toplumda önemli görevlere getirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda es-Serûcî de dönemin ilim merkezi olan Mısır’daki medreselerde ve camilerde devrin önemli âlimlerinden ders alarak yetişmiş ve burada birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Ayrıca kadılık vazifesinden dolayı bir süre dönemin siyaseti içerisinde aktif bir rol oynamıştır. Hususiyetle dinî ilimlerdeki bilgisiyle öne çıkan âlim, bu alanda telif ettiği ve el-Ġâye adını verdiği eserle gerek kendi devrinde gerekse kendinden sonraki asırlarda adından çokça söz ettirmiştir. Hanefi fıkhına dair kaleme alınan el-Hidâye üzerine yazılan bu eser, ilk mufassal Hidâye şerhi olması hasebiyle de önemlidir. Devrin önde gelen âlimlerinden aklî ve naklî ilimleri öğrenen müellif, bu ilimlerin yanı sıra Arap dili ve edebiyatı alanında da derin bilgi sahibidir. Hocalığı ve kadılığı gibi meziyetlerinin yanısıra müellifin Arap edebiyatına olan ilgisinin en güzel örneği de hiç şüphesiz bu alana dair yazmış olduğu ve tespit edilen tek eseri Tuḥfetu’l-Aṣḥâb ve Nuzhetu Ẕevi’l-Elbâb ’dır. Çok sayıda kaynağın toplanılmasıyla telif edilen bu çalışmada ayet, hadis ve şiirlerden getirilen şevâhidlerle birlikte klasik nesir ve nazım geleneğine ait birçok türe yer verilmiştir. Bu eser, Arap dili ve edebiyatının yanı sıra dinî ilimlerle birlikte tarih, edebiyat tarihi, tıp, sosyoloji ve coğrafya gibi muhtelif alanlara dair bilgiler de içermektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak müellifin hayatı ve eserleri hakkında bilgi verilecek akabinde şimdiye kadar bilim dünyasında hakkında hiçbir çalışma yapılmamış olan Tuḥfetu’l-Aṣḥâb ve Nuzhetu Ẕevi’l-Elbâb adlı yazma halindeki eseri müellife aidiyet, yazma eser nüshaları, telif sebebi, muhteva, yararlanılan kaynaklar ve metod gibi açılardan incelenecektir.

It is estimated by studying the history that the imagination of life was limited before the appearance of Islam. A new era started after the arrival of Islam. Revolution came in thoughts and ideas. Every department was effected even poetry, literature and language pleasantly effected. A revolution created in the Arabic literature after the revelation of the Holy Quran even it taught the rituals of representation of emotions along with facial and spiritual beauty to the Arabic literature. Arabic language is full of knowledge and thoughts of whole world today and the axis of Arabic language and literature is the Holy Quran. The resources of ignorant literature which we get today was collected to save and understand the language of the Holy Quran. For example to eliminate the linguistic flaws, grammar science came into being and rhetoric science came into being to prove Quranic miracle and language and literature came into being to explain the poor words, and Hadith, tafseer, fiqah and other sciences came into being for religious laws. The Holy Quran changed the direction of literature towards justice, service to humanity and support of right and truth and chastity and modesty and God-worship. It gave appropriate dignified styles to explain every topic and invited to work by using reasons and thoughts. Arabic language is effected by the Holy Quran in such a way that it softened the hard and ruthless hearts of Arabs and made the surface wisdom heavy and solid by entering in it. Could not get effected by Holy Quran as the level which prose got benefit. The prose got more shine in the time of Khulafa-e-rashidin when victories increased, boundaries of Islamic state expanded and political and developmental issues increased. It is a fact that Arabic prose got too high as compared to the Arabic poetry due to the Holy Quran.

This book examines the influence of American culture in Italy during the decades between unification in 1861 and the implosion of Mussolini’s Fascist regime in July 1943. During this period the country witnessed large-scale social and economic modernization as well as an unprecedented explosion of mass culture. Focusing on six key fields of study—the press, literature, cinema, music, radio and the comics industry—the book traces a gradual shift from the hegemonic influence of France on Italy’s highbrow culture to the emergence of the USA as a new transnational model of modernity, able to address all social classes. This phenomenon coincided with the mass migration of Italians, whose hopes for a better life across the ocean produced a positive image of America that was largely at loggerheads with a more dismissive reaction from Italy’s educated elite. By tracing the presence of American culture in Italy, this book offers new perspectives on the development of Italian culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also offers a thorough revision of how Mussolini’s regime responded to American culture, from jazz music to Hollywood films, and dismisses the myth of a fundamentally anti-American totalitarian regime. While scholarship to date has focused on the pervasive influence of American culture in the aftermath of the Second World War, this book tells the story of its first arrival, at a time when the French model was still dominant and Italy was beginning to embrace modernity and mass culture. The book is divided into two parts, each containing five chapters: Part One is entitled ‘The Discovery of America, 1861–1919’, while Part Two covers ‘America in Fascist Italy, 1922–1943’.

The Conclusion provides a final assessment of the book’s in-depth examination of the perception and influence of American culture in Italy. It is divided into four parts. The first one dwells on the most surprising discoveries brought about by research for this book in relation to both the pre-First World War period and the Fascist dictatorship. The second part addresses the controversial term ‘Americanization’ and discusses whether the influence of American culture in Italy was inevitable. The third part looks at the connections between this study and the development of the presence of American culture in the post-Second World War years. The fourth and final section underlines the revealing perspective that was made possible by the chronological span of this book, moving back to the nineteenth century and thus allowing a clear perception of the centrality of French culture for Italy’s educated elite. It also dwells on the book’s connection between the development of mass culture and the arrival of American artefacts and manufacturing techniques at the start of the twentieth century. The Conclusion ends with a comment on a 1930 letter by literary author Cesare Pavese reflecting on the leading role taken by American culture during the interwar years.

This thesis is a research into the growth in Nigeria of Modern Arabic Literature, from the impact of modern secular thought on the medieval Arabic-Islamic literary tradition. In chapter one the spread to Nigeria of Islam and the growth within its cultural context of Arabic literature are discussed in the light of the classical Arabic literary theory. Cultivated as an integral part of Islamic traditional sciences, Arabic literature throughout its development in Nigeria had remained the function of Islamic religion. All the literary men were essentially Muslim jurists (al-fuqaha') writing in a sacred medium. The various aspects of this religious literary tradition, al-taqlid, are described with illustrations in chapter two. In chapter three the process of how modern European literature had given birth in Egypt and Greater Syria to Modern Arabic Literature, and its major currents are described. Thus inspired, Modern Arabic Literature is not Islamic but Arab nationalist oriented with very little to offer the non-Arab Muslims in the name of the Islamic Commonwealth. The non-Arab Muslims have accordingly embarked on developing their own national literature in English, French or a vernacular. This phenomenon, seen in Turkey, Iran and Senegal is also demonstrated in Nigeria by the birth of modern Hausa literature instead of Arabic. This development is discussed in chapter four within the context of the Western cultural impact on Islamic Nigeria. But the study of Arabic and Islamic religion in secular institutions imposed by modern political order has begun to challenge the existing religious literary tradition. Nigeria has now produced some Arabists, including Christians, in whose literary innovations Arabic language and literature is no longer an exclusive function of Islamic culture. Influenced by neo-classical Arab writers, the most outstanding contribution to this new trend is the diwan (anthology) of 'Umar Ibrahim, the literary exposition of which is made in chapter five. In conclusion, the scope of the literary innovations introduced into Nigerian Arabic literature is highlighted with an attempt to determine its prospect.

PurposeThis study aims to explain the flow of romanticism along with the continuity and changes to con-temporary Arabic literature, and to be able to reveal dialogues about the flow of romanticism in modern Arabic literature, which is growing rapidly in the Arab world. Knowing the characteris-tics of Arabic literary Romanticism. Knowing the figures of Arabic Literary Romanticism. MethodThis study used a library research design and note-taking techniques. This research method uses aspects of library research with data sourcesof books and literacy related to romanticism in mod-ern Arabic literature: continuity and change. Results/FindingsThis study reveals the continuity and change as well as its influence on contemporary Arabic lit-erature, namely: 1) History of Arabic Literature in the modern era, 2) History of the Emergence of Western Romanticism in Arabic and its characteristics, 3) Development of Romanticism and its influence on Arabic Literature, 4) Figures of the Romanticism of Arabic Literature and their works. ConclusionRomanticism has had a major influence on Arabic literature, with the establishment of groups of Arabic literary, such as the Mahjar group, the Diwan school, the Apollo school and Usbah al-Asyrah. In addition, there is also a renewal of magazines and newspapers in the Arab world which call for renewal, and criticism of the previous flow (classicism).

مستخلص البحث: تكمن أهمية البحث في تحقيق غرضين أساسيين. الأول يتمثل في مكانة اللغة العربية والثقافة الاسلامية في المنطقة. والثاني يدور حول بروز الأدب العربي التشادي وأثره في نشر الثقافة العربية الاسلامية المتمثلة في وجود الممالك الاسلامية في تشاد. وتهدف الورقة إلى اظهار الدور الذي قام به الادباء التشاديون والعلماء التقليديون الذين بذلوا جهدا كبيرا في نشر الثقافة العربية والاسلامية عن طريق تلك المنظومات التي ألفوها والأشعار التعليمية التي تعد نقطة بداية لنشر العلوم حول منطقة حوض بحيرة تشاد. واتبع الباحث المنهج التحليلي الوصفي في دراسته لهذا الموضوع، وأخيرا تركزت الدراسة. في تناولها للمحاور الرئيسية الآتية: الحالة الثقافية الاسلامية ومظاهرها واللغة العربية ومكانتها وبروز الادب العربي الشادي، ثم خلاصة تشتمل على نتائج وتوصيات. الكلمات الأساسية: الثقافة، مكانة اللغة العربية، بروز الأدب العربي، دولة تشاد. Abstract: The importance of the research lies in achieving two basic purposes. The first is the status of the Arabic language and Islamic culture in the region. The second revolves around the emergence of Chadian Arabic literature and its impact on spreading Arab-Islamic culture represented by the presence of Islamic kingdoms in Chad. The paper aims to show the role played by Chadian writers and traditional scholars who made a great effort in spreading Arab and Islamic culture through the poems they composed and educational poems that are a starting point for spreading science around the Lake Chad Basin region. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach in his study of this topic, and finally the study focused on: It addresses the following main topics: the Islamic cultural situation and its manifestations, the Arabic language and its status, and the emergence of Shadi Arabic literature, then a summary that includes findings and recommendations. Keywords: Culture, Status of Arabic Languange, Emergence of Arabic Literature, State of Chad

Chinese scholars just began to study Arabic literature since Reform and Opening-up of China in 1979, though Arabic language began to be taught in Peking University since 1951. Chinese scholars’ studies on Arabic literature studies at that time were at the edge of studies of world literature. Articles on Arabic literature just issued on Arab World. It was still difficult for professors of Arabic literature to issue their articles at the journals such as Foreign Literature Review, Literature Abroad, Foreign Literature Studies, Foreign Literature and Contemporary Foreign Literature in 1980s. These journals preferred to issue papers on western literature and Russian literature during that period. In recent years, studies on Arabic literature developed rapidly in China. The Chinese intellectuals do not study on ancient Arabic literature only, but study on modern and contemporary Arabic literature also. They published books on Arabic literature such as On Arabian Nights: Mythology and Reality,Singing for Love: A Study on Kuwait Poetess Souad al-Sabah,Sufism in Modern Arabic Literature, Modern Arabic Literature During the Cultural Changes,Arabic Poetry in the Context of Globalization: A Study on Egyptian Poet Farouk Guweidah, and Comparative Study of Chinese and Arabic Literature. They also wrote histories of Arabic literature, for example, History of Arabic Literature, History of Modern Arabic Literature and General History of Arabic Literature are available in Chinese book market in these years. Professor Zhong Jikun won Appreciation Award of Egypt Ministry of Higher Education in 2005, won Sheikh Zayed Book Award’s Cultural Personality of the Year in 2011 and in the same year won King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Translation. These prizes and awards show us that studies on Arabic literature have moved from the edge of China to the center of Arab world.

While in the seventeenth century every effort was being made in the Dutch Republic to study eastern languages, similar initiatives were also being taken in the rest of Europe. As in Leiden, the study of Arabic was a mixture of secular and theological Interests. Under the influence of the Enlightenment and, from the second half of the eighteenth century on, early Romanticism, an educated public showed ever more interest in Arabic and Persian literature. Hendrik Albert Schultens took an active interest in contemporary European literature and his private library contained the latest German, French and English novels. As a moderate and amiable man with manners he was regarded as a Citizen of the Enlightenment, and he was portrayed as such by the artist Wybrand Hendriks, 'kastelein' or curator of the Teylers Museum in Haarlem. Schultens' views on Arabic literature and culture emerge clearly from a couple of lectures.Keywords: Arabic literature; Dutch Republic; early Romanticism; European literature; Persian literature

Antarah Ibn Shaddad: Heracles of Arabia

Al-Ghuluwu fi al-amsal al-arabiy (Postproverbial) is a new trend in modern Arabic studies. It is a way to gain the perceptions of learners of the language into Afro-Arabic and Yoruba cultures in contemporary times. Through the learning of the subject matter, University of Ibadan students of Arabic Language and Literature explore how much common philosophy is shared between postproverbial expressions in Arabic and Yoruba languages. Afro-Arabic postproverbial demonstrates the trends of modernity within the culture. It absorbs and transforms wisdom accumulated over the few years with the experience of students in their various localities. This paper investigates the exposure to postproverbiality in Arabic among the students of Arabic language and literature who are predominantly Yoruba in the University of Ibadan and how the practice of postproverbials transforms their perceptions and values of Yoruba and Afro-Arab cultural concepts. Thus, two questions are raised: to what extent does the use of postproverbials in the Arabic literature course in the University of Ibadan shed light on Yoruba cultural aspects not regularly covered in Arabic Proverbs? How does the use of postproverbials in the Arabic literature course promote a new understanding among the students and make them discover and reassess their values and preferences in the modern time? The theoretical framework of the paper is adopted from A. Raji-Oyelade’s “Postproverbials in Yoruba Culture: A Playful Blasphemy”. The result of this study indicates that students employed their basic knowledge of Arabic language, coupled with their Yoruba cultural background, to re-create a number of postproverbial texts within the context of Arabic culture. It also exhibits their level of consciousness in the modern times.

Studies Arabic literary production from the point of view of continuity and interference and the interactions between them Discusses various topics related to the interaction between the old and the new such as world upside down, mystical tendency and science fiction Examines the way Arabic authors draw inspiration from their ancient cultural and literary heritage Sheds light on the role of Kafka and Virginia Woolf and other major Western authors in Arabic literature Presents the way through which science fiction has emerged in Arabic literary writing Explains the role of Arabic literature within world literature Volume I examines the ways in which contemporary Arab authors communicate with two major sources of inspiration: the first, is the rich Arabic literary heritage whether it has been embodied in texts or concrete experiences, real or imaginary. The second are other cultures and literatures which have become sources for direct or indirect loans for Arabic literature. Both sources are essential for our understanding of the nature of contemporary Arabic literary works. The relationship between modern and medieval Arabic literature is indispensable; moreover, the literariness of any Arabic literary text cannot be isolated from the history of Arabic literature. Also, the role and function of Arabic literature, the nature of its literary criticism and scholarship, the relations between religious, political, and other activities within Arab culture and its literary production—all may be modelled in Arab culture in relation to other culture or cultures.

Every given civilisation has foundations on which it rises. These foundations form the way of thinking for the people to whom that civilisation belongs, and define the scope within which they operate. The foundations differ from one civilisation to another; they may be a revelation, a divine or civil law, or customs and or norms that prevailed in a given society. Islamic civilisation sprung from the original Islamic sources, namely the Qur’an and the prophetic tradition. However, Arabic literature is seen as one of the additional foundations that have played a pivotal role in the rise of this civilisation, as well as in its development and flourishing. The purpose of this paper is to study critically some characteristic view-points of the relationship between Arabic literature and Islamic civilisation and to demonstrate the role Arabic language has played in the rise of this civilisation through its important periods. The outcome of this study will interpret Arabic literature as reflecting virtues and values, as revealing the ethos of different cultures of the Islamic civilisation, the processes of its rise and certain types of social facts. It will also illustrate the significance of teaching Arabic literature in the present day education, for it allows us to reach the heart of the Islamic civilisation through its literary, philosophical and political texts, along with its historical context.

Every given civilisation has foundations on which it rises. These foundations form the way of thinking for the people to whom that civilisation belongs, and define the scope within which they operate. The foundations differ from one civilisation to another; they may be a revelation, a divine or civil law, or customs and or norms that prevailed in a given society. Islamic civilisation sprung from the original Islamic sources, namely the Qur’an and the prophetic tradition. However, Arabic literature is seen as one of the additional foundations that have played a pivotal role in the rise of this civilisation, as well as in its development and flourishing. The purpose of this paper is to study critically some characteristic view-points of the relationship between Arabic literature and Islamic civilisation and to demonstrate the role Arabic language has played in the rise of this civilisation through its important periods. The outcome of this study will interpret Arabic literature as reflecting virtues and values, as revealing the ethos of different cultures of the Islamic civilisation, the processes of its rise and certain types of social facts. It will also illustrate the significance of teaching Arabic literature in the present day education, for it allows us to reach the heart of the Islamic civilisation through its literary, philosophical and political texts, along with its historical context.

Representation of Arab culture is a depiction of all forms of cultural reality that occur in the Arab region. These depictions can include social aspects, multicultural interactions and natural phenomena. In the current era, the development of Arabic culture began to be eroded by the development of the Western world. One of the efforts to promote Arabic culture again is by modernizing it in accordance with Islamic corridors that do not eliminate the essence of its values and culture. So that Muslims can easily accept the renewal. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. The techniques used are reading techniques and note-taking techniques. The data analysis stage is divided into three parts, namely the data condensation stage, data representation and data inference. The representation of Arabic culture contained in this novel can be described through the elements of literary anthropology. The elements of literary anthropology contained in this novel are social culture, material culture and ecological culture. The results of the data obtained from social culture found 4 data findings. Material culture found 20 data and ecological culture found 7 data findings. With these various elements, the Arabic culture found in Iraq is increasingly recognized by some Americans who are doing state duties in Iraq. In general, the results of this study are expected to be useful for the development of literary science, especially in the field of literary anthropology.