Potential Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Ash in Concrete Blends in Israel Part A: Municipal Waste Combustion in the Laboratory.

Plastic is used in many forms in day-to-day life. Since Plastic is non-biodegradable, landfills do not provide an environment friendly solution. Hence, there is strong need to utilize waste plastic. This creates a large quantity of garbage every day which is unhealthy and pollutes the environment. In present scenario solid waste management is a challenge in our country. The production of solid waste is increasing day to day and causes serious concerns to the environment. In this study, the recycled plastics are used in the concrete as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete such as workability, compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of concrete mixes with partial replacement of conventional fine aggregate with aggregate produced from plastic waste. The use of plastic aggregate as replacement for fine aggregate enhances workability and fresh bulk density of concrete mixes. The mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of concrete reduced marginally up to 10% replacement levels.Plastic is used in many forms in day-to-day life. Since Plastic is non-biodegradable, landfills do not provide an environment friendly solution. Hence, there is strong need to utilize waste plastic. This creates a large quantity of garbage every day which is unhealthy and pollutes the environment. In present scenario solid waste management is a challenge in our country. The production of solid waste is increasing day to day and causes serious concerns to the environment. In this study, the recycled plastics are used in the concrete as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete such as workability, compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of concrete mixes with partial replacement of conventional fine aggregate with aggregate produced from plastic waste. The use of plastic aggregate as replacement for fine aggregate enhances workability and fresh bulk density of concrete mixes. The mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of concrete reduced marginally up to 10% replacement levels.

The task of turning agricultural waste into practical construction and building materials has been placed before civil engineers. Coffee husk is produced in vast amounts due to the global commerce of coffee beans, which are incinerated into ash when used as fuel, producing coffee husk ash (CHA). Even though many researchers have worked on the utilization of CHA in concrete, they have been used as partial cement replacement but not as a replacement of aggregates. The experimental study of the performance of concrete on fine aggregate replaced partially with CHA is represented in this paper. The fine aggregate is replaced by 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of CHA. The performance of the partially replaced fine aggregate with CHA is reviewed by considering the compressive strength and workability of fresh concrete and the splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, durability under acid and alkaline media, thermal conductivity, and rapid chloride permeability test of hardened concrete. The results indicate that the partial replacement of fine aggregate with 4% of CHA (CHA04) in concrete provides a positive impact to all the selected performance parameters. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile of the CHA04 mix were 43.4 MPa, 3.7 MPa, and 2.44 MPa, respectively, which were 28.4%, 19.35%, and 1.66%, respectively, greater than normal concrete mix (CHA00). Even the study of acid and alkaline attack on the CHA04 mix showed lesser strength reduction as compared to other mixes. The RCPT showed less chloride permeability, and the thermal conductivity is higher for CHA04, indicating lesser voids compared to other mixes. With the help of this investigation, it can be said that fine aggregate replacement with 4% CHA has the best strength and durability properties compared to regular concrete.

Nowadays, uncontrolled disposal of waste materials such as tyres can affect the environment. Therefore, careful management of waste disposal must be done in order to conserve the environment. Waste tyres can be use as a replacement for both fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. This research was conducted to assess the durability of concrete containing recycled tyres which have been crushed into fine fragments to replace fine aggregate in the concrete mix. This study presents an overview of the use of waste rubber as a partial replacement of natural fine aggregate in a concrete mix. 36 concrete cubes measuring 100mm × 100mm × 100mm and 12 concrete cubes measuring 150mm × 150mm × 150mm were prepared and added with different percentages of rubber from recycled tyres (0%, 3%, 5% and 7%) as fine aggregate replacement. The results obtained show that the replacement of fine aggregate with 7% of rubber recorded a compressive strength of 43.7MPa while the addition of 3% of rubber in the concrete sample recorded a high compressive strength of 50.8MPa. This shows that there is a decrease in the strength and workability of concrete as the amount of rubber used a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete increases. On the other hand, the water absorption test indicated that concrete which contains rubber has better water absorption ability. In this study, 3% of rubber was found to be the optimal percentage as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in the production of concrete.

In recent decades, concrete prepared with bentonite clay has evolved as an accepted substitute of natural aggregate concrete due to the increasing focus on the development of sustainability and the environmental issues. In this research, the evaluation of possible and suitable use of Jordanian bentonite as a partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) or fine aggregate in the production of concrete mixtures has been investigated. Bentonite has been used as 0, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight replacement of OPC or fine aggregate passing sieve No. 50 to conduct and compare the fresh properties, the mechanical strength and the permeability of concrete mixtures. Elemental compositions and crystalline phases of bentonite clay have been tested by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The test results have revealed that the compressive and flexural strengths have decreased as bentonite level has increased beyond 5% with substitutions of fine aggregate, whereas the compressive strength has decreased at every increased dosage of bentonite replacing partially the OPC. The strength activity indices have been higher than the ASTM C618 specified limit of 75%, except for the concrete mixture containing 15% bentonite replacing OPC. The incorporation of bentonite improves the permeation resistance of concrete and the enhancement is more pronounced at higher bentonite increments, especially when replacing the fine aggregate partially with bentonite.

The project presents the usage of copper slag, pumice stone and leca (light expanded clay aggregate) for partial replacement of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The experimental procedure is conducted for the replacing percentages of 5, 15 and 25%. For this above-mentioned replacement percentage, M20 grade concrete is used with a water–cement ratio of 0.48. For 5% replacement of pumice, the amount of copper slag replaced is 5% with fine aggregate and the amount of pumice replaced is 5% with coarse aggregate. For 5% replacement of leca, the amount of copper slag replaced is 5% with fine aggregate and the amount of leca replaced is 5% with coarse aggregate. Similarly, 15 and 25% replacement of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate is done, respectively. For this purpose, seven sets were prepared to study the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. Each set comprises of three cubes, three cylinders and three prisms. The compressive strength test, split tensile strength test, flexure strength test have been done. A comparison study has been done between leca and pumice to identify the suitable alternate for ordinary concrete. The main objective of this project is to know the strength of partially replaced concrete.

This experimental investigation is to utilize the sludge waste as a replacement of natural fine aggregate. We can introduce a sustainable construction material which is proved to be an alternative for waste disposal, helping out to free from environmental pollution. By replacing the natural fine aggregate of sludge waste it helps us to save our nature. Per day for construction site, we are using a large quantity of natural fine aggregate. This study reviews various attempts that have been made to use sludge waste as the partial replacement of fine aggregate. The fine aggregate is partially replaced by a trial mix of 5%, 10%,15%,20%,25% and 30% with sludge waste .Then fresh concrete and hardened concrete is prepared by the partial replacement of fine aggregate. This process is to be done by dry condition. The mechanical and physical properties of the concrete after replacement is to be tested in the laboratory and the results are compared with the ordinary concrete. The comparison of results shows that the replace of 20% sand by sludge waste shows more compressive strength than that of the ordinary concrete with sand as fine aggregate. From the result we can understand that if the sludge contains finer particles the strength of the concrete will further increase.

Properties of SCC with marble powder as a marginal material

Palm kernel shell (PKS) is used as a partial replacement for fine and coarse aggregates in asphalt. Crushed palm kernel shell (CPKS) and PKS were added at 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80% by weight of total aggregates to partially replace the fine and coarse aggregates in asphaltic concrete. Properties such as aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value, bitumen penetration test and Marshall Stability test were performed in accordance with ASTM D 6927 – 06. From the analysis, CPKS has a stability value of 1,033kg at 20% replacement, 660kg, 646kg, 566kg and 528kg at 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% replacements respectively; while, PKS has a stability value of 2,860kg at 20% replacement, 2,398kg, 2,343kg, 2,156kg and 2,123kg at 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% replacements respectively. Comparing with ASTM D448-12, PKS can be used as alternative material for coarse aggregate for light, medium and heavy traffic roads while, 20% of CPKS can be used as fine aggregates in heavy traffic road and 60% in medium traffic roads. It is therefore recommended that this agro-based product can be used as partial alternate material in asphaltic concrete to reduce the cost of construction.

Partial replacement of cement and fine aggregates with marble dust powder and polypropylene fiber

This study is a preliminary investigation of the independent utilization of two types of fly ash (FA)–FA Type C and FA Type F-as partial replacement of fine aggregate (sand) and cement in Portland cement concrete (PCC) mixes. The main objective was to determine an optimum substitution range for each type of FA that would offer well-performing concrete in terms of workability, compressive strength, and durability. To this end, multiple concrete batches were prepared, incorporating each type of FA at four different levels: 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of fine aggregate replacement and 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight for cement replacement. Then, concrete samples (100 mm diameter × 200 mm tall cylinders) were cast from each batch and were moisture-cured for 7, 14, and 28 days prior to testing. The addition of FA contributed positively to the strength development at specific replacement levels: all percentages for both FA Type C and Type F for fine aggregate replacement and up to 30% FA content for both Type C and F for cement replacement, 10% for both FA Type C and Type F provided the higher strength for aggregate replacement, and 10–20% for both types of FA provided the higher strength for cement replacement. Furthermore, these additions of FA exhibited comparable workability and durability except for FA Type F, which did not exhibit comparable workability for aggregate replacement. FA Type C can be recommended for both early and long-term strength for fine aggregate replacement, whereas FA Type C is suggested to be used for early strength and Type F provides for long-term strength for cement replacement. Type C provides better durability and Type F provides better workability for cement replacement.

Durability and Microstructure of Cement Composites Containing Qatar's Municipal Wastes

Concrete is one of the main construction materials used in the building industry where it is projected that the revenue of manufacture of ready-mix concrete will amount to approximately 37.5 million dollars by 2022 in the local sector. In addition, plastic waste is another important contributor to the waste pollution since locally only 7% of such waste is recycled. This study is based on the partial replacement of aggregate by means of recycled polycarbonate plastic bottles while attaining the required structural compressive strength. Dolomite, which is an imported aggregate, and silica fume, which is a cementitious material, were used to attain a more appropriate concrete mixture.A total of six concrete mixtures were designed for the purpose of the research by varying the proportion of polycarbonate and fine aggregate. A uni-axial compressive strength test was performed after 7 and 28 days from the cube casting where a maximum of 63.2N/mm2 was attained with a control mixture made of dolomite as the coarse aggregate. Results also showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of plastic as a partial replacement of fine aggregate.Statistical analysis by means of an independent sample T-test showed that no significant difference in compressive strength was present between the silica fume mixture and the 5% fine aggregate replacement mixture. The results also showed that compared with the control mixture, the silica fume mixture was significantly weaker at 7 days, but no significant difference resulted at 28 days. Considering the results attained, one may easily note that there was a significant relationship between the percentage of plastic and the compressive strength. A regression analysis was used to observe such a relationship. Moreover, the result showed that a replacement percentage of 48% results in a suitable compressive strength of 10.19N/mm2, where such concrete can be utilised for non-structural purposes.From the results obtained, it was also observed that the final mass of the concrete blocks decreased as the plastic percentage increased. In relation, by maintaining a constant volume between all the samples, the hardened density of the samples also decreased with the increase in plastic percentage.

Compressive strength studies of concrete with partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate with incinerated solid waste and recycled plastic waste

Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in global, lots of infrastructure developments are taking place. This rapid development led to the acute shortage of construction materials and increased dumping of waste materials. In addition, waste plastic bottles are major reason of solid waste disposal as the bottle consumption have been increasing nowadays. This increment occurred because of plastic bottle is popular for current packaging. The plastic bottle mostly made of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) type. Waste PET plastic bottle can be replaced in the concrete mixing as partial replacement of aggregates. In order to reduce the waste production during concrete testing and shorten the time of experimental work, the prediction model method can be developed. Thus, this paper focuses on the prediction model development using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict the compressive strength of concrete mixing with waste PET plastic bottle fiber. Data sample was collected from previous research. Data collection including cement content, water content, water-cement ratio, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and percentage of waste PET plastic bottle fiber were used in developing prediction model. The percentage used for waste PET plastic bottle fiber was 0% to 20%. The data were divided to 70%, 15% and 15% for data training, data testing and data validation respectively. The data was trained using Levenberg- Marquardt method and tan-sigmoid activation function. The correlation coefficient value for training, testing and validation were 0.98, 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. The result for Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was 1.731% and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was 2.210%. The comparison value of compressive strength between predicted and experimental from previous study shows a small difference. Therefore, by using ANN, the compressive strength for 28 days can be predicted efficiently and the natural resources can be reduced. Thus, the application of ANN could help in preserving the environment.

Marble stone dust and wood saw dust have been used in concrete mixes as partial replacement for fine and coarse aggregates separately in recent years. The increase or decrease in strength is due to the addition in the percentage of marble stone dust and wood saw dust. Studies have been conducted on determining the optimum marble stone dust and wood saw dust percentage to meet the desired strength of concrete in construction. In this study, marble stone dust (MSD) and wood saw dust (WSD) were used as partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate in concrete mix respectively. The test samples were prepared by replacing 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of cement and fines by weight of concrete with MSD and WSD. The combined effect of MSD and WSD on the workability, compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete was investigated. It was found that both compressive and flexural strength gradually decrease with increase in the percentage of marble stone dust and wood saw dust.