Abstract
This article reviews the current evidence associating gut microbiota with factors that impact host circadian-metabolic axis, such as light/dark cycles, sleep/wake cycles, diet, and eating patterns. We examine how gut bacteria possess their own daily rhythmicity in terms of composition, their localization to intestinal niches, and functions. We review evidence that gut bacteria modulate host rhythms via microbial metabolites such as butyrate, polyphenolic derivatives, vitamins, and amines. Lifestyle stressors such as altered sleep and eating patterns that may disturb the host circadian system also influence the gut microbiome. The consequent disruptions to microbiota-mediated functions such as decreased conjugation of bile acids or increased production of hydrogen sulfide and the resultant decreased production of butyrate, in turn affect substrate oxidation and energy regulation in the host. Thus, disturbances in microbiome rhythms may at least partially contribute to an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment. Good sleep and a healthy diet appear to be essential for maintaining gut microbial balance. Manipulating daily rhythms of gut microbial abundance and activity may therefore hold promise for a chrononutrition-based approach to consolidate host circadian rhythms and metabolic homeorhesis.
Highlights
Human metabolism is adapted to a circadian rhythm of ~24 h that is synchronized to the Earth’s 24 h light/dark cycle
This review examines current evidence on the interdependency of host circadian systems and gut microbial ecology, and the consequences of this interaction for the host metabolism
There are many lifestyle features in the modern society that may contribute to the current epidemic of metabolic health problems such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome
Summary
Human metabolism is adapted to a circadian rhythm of ~24 h that is synchronized to the Earth’s 24 h light/dark cycle This rhythm is orchestrated by the brain’s central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus , which in turn synchronizes peripheral clocks in the rest of the body (Figure 1). These clocks exist in almost every cell, and are comprised of a highly conserved set of core clock genes including period 1/2/3 (Per1/2/3), the brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1 (Bmal1), cryptochrome 1/2 (Cry1/2), and the circadian locomotor output cycles kaput gene (Clock). We examine gut microbiota-based mechanisms that may potentially protect hosts against the pathological manifestations of circadian disruption
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
