Abstract
Appropriate sanitation facilities are still a challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. With regard to almost 950 million people defecating in the open, the question arises whether the existing treatment facilities are sufficient to provide for a healthy sanitation in the world. This paper mainly emphasizes on developing countries (particularly, India) where cost is generally a very important parameter of judgment for choosing the appropriate system. This makes decentralized treatment systems much more suitable for installation as they are easier to build and operate, both financially and technically. This paper includes basic differences and fundamental explanations about the processes involved in different decentralized treatment systems and their comparison on the basis of installation cost carried out by using a technology ranking method. It is concluded that waste stabilisation ponds would be most cost effective solution from capital investment point of view. However, Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) should be carried out for appropriate technology selection in different scenarios on the basis of different criteria. New developments in sanitation technologies can play an important role in selecting appropriate sanitation technology for a particular scenario.
Highlights
Access to proper sanitation is a challenge that the world needs to tackle
According to WHO/UNICEF JMP report 2015, 2.4 billion people globally have no access to improved sanitation facilities of which, around 946 million people defecate in the open
Open defecation does affect the environment and causes diseases like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, diarrhea, worm infestation, under nutrition and many more. It is quite perceptible from the numbers that this is a problem which needs attention and should be taken under control. This problem is being identified of in most of the countries, for example, Ethiopia has shown an average reduction of 4% over a period of 25 years reducing their number to 28 mn people
Summary
Access to proper sanitation is a challenge that the world needs to tackle . Open defecation is a very serious problem for the world. Building centralized wastewater treatment plants in every part of the world lacking this facility does not seem to be a very logical step considering the budget requirement and technical expertise of these systems. The reason behind the perceptible popularity of decentralized treatment systems is that it is very cost effective and requires fewer resources compared to the centralized system (Lens et al, 2001).
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