Potential of a Biofertilizer to Control Peregrinus maidis (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), an Insect Vector of Maize Mosaic Alphanucleorhabdovirus

The volatilization of ammonia is an important nitrogen (N) loss path in agricultural production, which not only results in a loss of economy, but also represents a significant atmospheric pollutant. Volatized ammonia (NH 3 ) from livestock manure and cropping field is associated with ecosystem and public health and can also be an indirect source of greenhouse gases. The rate of ammonia volatilization after application of fertilizers is strongly affected by many factors such as soil properties, temperature as well as the type, application time and mode of nitrogen fertilizers. This work aimed to quantify the losses of N by volatilization of ammonia from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and composted chicken fertilizer in the volatilization of ammonia (NH 3 ) in winter wheat system by the calibrated Dräger-Tube method. An experiment of four treatments Control (CK), Farmer’s compound fertilizer-NPK (CF), Chicken manure compost (25%) + Urea (75%) (MF) and Chicken manure compost (CM) was conducted, with wheat culture in Baizhai County, Quzhou County, Hebei province, following a delineation of casualized blocks, with three repetitions. The daily variation of the ammonia volatilization flow was not dramatically influenced by the type of fertilizer and its combination, ranging from 0.01 to 0.23 mg N m -2 h -1 in base fertilization and 0.03 to 0.44 mg N m -2 h -1 in topdressing fertilization. The results showed that the cumulative losses of volatilization of NH 3 were significantly affected (P≤ 0.05) by the type of fertilizer and its combination. The cumulative volatilization losses of NH 3 in the treatments CM, CF, MF were 14.30 kg N/ha, 21.58 kg N/ha and 25.79 kg N/ha corresponding to 5.72 %, 8.63%, 10.32 % of the total application rates of N, respectively. Emissions factors of Ammonia were highly variable depending on the type of fertilizer or combination of fertilizer. The results showed that wheat yield has been substantially improved by the application of fertilizers alongside organic fertilizers, with the maximum yield achieved in the combination of synthetic and organic fertilizer of about 10.79 t/ha, whereas the isolated organic and synthetic fertilizer (NPK) was not significantly different at around 10.3 t/ha and 10.4 t/ha respectively. Synthetic and organic fertilizers combined proportions with chemical fertilizers have significantly different performance in the volatilization of ammonia, emissions factors and crop yields. Chicken manure can be applied alone or in combination with 75% chemical nitrogen (urea) to achieve the yield of the similar crop or more as with chemical fertilizer alone, and thus reducing the excessive use of chemical fertilizer and the gaseous loss of nitrogen fertilizer, thus being economically beneficial and environmentally sound. Keywords: Manure; Synthetic fertilizer; Winter wheat; Yield; Ammonia DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-10-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2022

<p style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pakistan's agricultural soils exhibit a high tendency for leaching, low quantities of organic matter, and minimal microbial activity. The situation is aggravated by human activities such as bush burning, mining, sand extraction, and ongoing conventional methods of farming. These methods, together with the naturally low amounts of organic matter, result in the soil being deprived of essential nutrients. These nutrients are necessary for the optimal growth and yield of crops. Enhancing crop production such as maize and other crops on nutrient-deficient soils has the potential to improve household food security in Pakistan, necessitating the implementation of appropriate measures.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Various techniques have been devised to mitigate the deleterious impacts on plants. The use of biochar, an organic substance produced through pyrolysis with limited oxygen supply, as a soil amendment is currently attracting significant attention globally.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a mixture of Acacia-biochar, NPK fertilizer, and compost in improving soil quality and boosting yields of crops.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The first variable examined in the study was the biochar dosage, which was divided into four levels: no biochar, a biochar dosage of 5, 10, and 15 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. Additionally, it is important to take into account the selection of fertilizer, which consists of four different types: non-fertilizer, NPK, compost, and NPK + compost. The results showed that applying biochar at a rate of 10 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, along with NPK + compost, improved the availability of phosphorus and potassium, and significantly enhanced soil quality, as indicated by a soil quality rating value of 18. Applying a rate of 10 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of biochar, along with NPK + compost, led to the highest dry weight of seed maize, achieving 12.80 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. This represents a 40% augmentation in relation to the conditions without biochar and with the addition of NPK + compost. When the seed maize is weighed without any moisture content, the yield of 12.80 t ha<sup>-1</sup> results in the highest level of efficient agronomic value, which is 120.31%. Additionally, the feasibility value for growing maize in drylands is 1.28.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

<a name="_Hlk128052096"></a><a name="_Hlk128036424"></a><span lang="EN-US">The</span><span lang="EN-US"> Mount Ciremai National Park (TNGC) buffer zone is designed to support conservation efforts. However, agriculture in this area is dominated by conventional farming that excessively uses synthetic fertilizers, which threatens soil quality. Introducing an organic fertilizer and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is expected to enhance soil quality recovery in this area. This study aimed to analyze the differences in soil arthropod communities between organic and conventional agriculture and a forest in the TNGC buffer zone to assess soil quality improvement generated by the application of the organic fertilizer and PGPR. Soil arthropods were collected with Berlese-Tullgren funnels and pitfall traps. Several associated environmental parameters, including soil pH, C-organic, temperature, and moisture, were also measured. Data were analyzed using ecological indices (i.e., richness, diversity, evenness, dominance, similarity) and soil biological quality (QBS-ar). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was performed to examine the relation of arthropods with environmental parameters. In total, 957 individuals of soil arthropods belonging to four classes and 15 orders were recorded. Berlese-Tullgren and pitfall traps resulted in a similar tendency in most variables, with higher richness, diversity, and evenness values in the forest, followed by organic and conventional habitats. In addition, similarity and QBS-ar indicated that forest and organic communities were more similar than conventional community. C-organic, soil moisture and pH were considered the most deciding environmental parameters for arthropod assemblages. All measured variables in this study illustrated better soil quality in organic than in conventional agriculture. This study implicates the benefit of utilizing organic fertilizers and PGPR for soil quality restoration in agroecosystems.</span>

When synthetic fertilizer is co-applied with composted manure (compost), the high urease activity of compost may stimulate urea hydrolysis, thus increasing NH3 volatilization when urea is co-applied as a synthetic fertilizer. In this study, the interactive effects of compost type (low vs. high urease activity, referred to as CL and CH, respectively) and synthetic fertilizer form (urea vs. ammonium sulfate) were assessed in a 60-day greenhouse study. The compost was applied as a basal fertilization only at the initiation of the experiment, and the fertilizers (15N labeled or not) were split into basal and additional fertilization. During the 10 days after the basal fertilization, co-application of CL with urea did not increase NH3 volatilization as compared with urea alone treatment. However, co-application of CH with urea resulted in a significant increase in NH3 volatilization by more than 3-fold, not only from applied fertilizer-15N but also from compost and/or soil over the other two (urea alone and urea with CL) treatments. Meanwhile, when ammonium sulfate was co-applied with CH, NH3 volatilization from fertilizer became 3-fold lower than that when urea was co-applied. During the second 10 days after the application of urea as an additional fertilizer, the amount of NH3 volatilization from CH-treated soil did not differ from that observed with CL, and this is probably attributable to a reduction in urease activity in soils over time. These results indicate that not only the combination of compost and synthetic fertilizer, but also the time difference between the application of compost and synthetic fertilizer, are crucial to reducing NH3 volatilization.

The main commodity of food crops is rice which has a strategic function, namely as a staple food for the people of Indonesia. Maintaining the health and quality of soil biologically by reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Swamp Inbred Paddy (Inpara) are superior varieties of paddy that are well cultivated in swamp land conditions, resistant to immersion, and adaptability to acidic soil conditions. This study investigates the combination of biological and synthetic fertilizers on the growth of flood-tolerant Inpara rice using a strip plot/split block design. The treatments used were 6 combinations of biological fertilizers-synthetic fertilizers and 3 paddy varieties with 3 replications. The results obtained from the analysis of variance then conducted a further test of BNJ to determine the performance of each variable. Correlation test is performed to determine the interactions and relationships between observational variables. Soil analysis is also carried out to determine the mineral content in the soil. The effect of the combination of synthetic and biological fertilizer doses with 3 Inpara paddy varieties interacted significantly on several observational variables resulting in significantly different performance. The combination treatment with 75% synthetic fertilizer and 25% biological fertilizer showed several parameters that were higher than the treatment with 100% synthetic fertilizer so that the use of synthetic fertilizer can be reduced.

Background: Soils in arid regions like Morocco are becoming increasingly degraded and polluted because of the high use of synthetic chemical fertilizers linked to population growth. Organic fertilizers such as compost remain a good alternative to improve soil quality and crop yields. Broccoli is a crop that is beginning to develop in Morocco. It is very nitrogen demanding crop; therefore, it is necessary to know nitrogen use efficiency in broccoli. Methods: In this field experimental conducted during 2015 at the horticultural complex of Agadir - Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, different treatments were tested on broccoli as follows:TC8t/ha: compost, 8 t/ha (equivalent 200 kgN /ha), TC12t/ha: compost, 12 t/ha (equivalent 300 kg N /ha), TSYN: Synthetic chemical fertilizer (200 kg N/ha), TC+SYN: 50% compost, 4t/ha+50% Synthetic fertilizer (equivalent 200 kg N/ha) and T0: control, in order to optimize nitrogen use efficiency of compost and synthetic fertilizer. Result: Our research showed that the combination of compost and synthetic fertilizer: TC+SYN improved the growth and yield parameters of broccoli; the best main head yield of broccoli was 13.5 t/ha for TC+SYN. Compost improved the chemical properties of soil. Total N content was 266 kg/ha for TC+SYN, 253 kg/ha for TSYN, 244 kg/ha for TC8 t/ha and 234 kg/ha for TC12 t/ha. For Nitrogen use efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) was higher with TSYN: 0.91 followed by TC+SYN: 0.88 followed by TC8t/ha with 0.77 and T C12 t/ha: 0.48.

This research was aimed to study the effect of combination of compost and urea fertilizer, leaf defoliation intercropping system of corn and peanut crop. This study was conducted for 4 months and designed by Separate Plot Design. Defoliation of leaves under cob is main plot and combination of urea and compost doses is subplot. The treatments are as follows; main plot d0 = Without defoliation (control); d1 = 50% Defoliation; d2 = 100% Defoliation and combination of Urea and Compost doses; Subplot; p0 = 250 kg Urea/ha + 3 tons of compost/ha; p1 = 230 kg Urea/ha + 6 tons of compost/ha p2 = 210 kg Urea/ha + 9 tons of compost/ha; p3 = 190 kg Urea/ha + 12 tons of compost/ha. Each combination is repeated three times so that the total number is 36 plot experiments. Data were analyzed by using variance analysis and analysis of continuation test of least significance different (LSD). The results showed that the combination of fertilization is the same dry shelled corn production and dry peanut. d1 treatment and its interaction could increase dry production of shelled corn and peanut. Intercropping of corn and peanut is feasible to be cultivated in an integrated farming system.

<p><em><span lang="IT">The provision of water for plants is a major component supporting the success of planting on dry land. One source of water that can be utilized is groundwater. This study aims to determine the use of groundwater in supporting the cultivation of groundnut, corn and soybeans on dry land during dry season. The study used plots of farmers' land to grow groundnut, corn and soybeans complete with technology packages for each commodity. The application of technology includes cultivating groundnut by farmers and cultivating groundnut, corn and soybeans according to the recommended technology components. Harvest data were analyzed descriptively. Economic analysis is used to calculate the profitability and feasibility of farming. The results showed that corn plants with technology recommendations gave the highest yield, dry seeds of 5.50 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>, dry biomass of 18.63 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>, with carbon absorption in seeds of 2.62 tons ha<sup>-1</sup> and biomass of 8.92 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>. The profit from corn cultivation was 22,090,000 IDR ha<sup>-1</sup> with a benefit-cost (B/C) of 1.35, groundnut 20,985,000 IDR, with a higher B/C of 1.50. Soybean plants provide the lowest profit and B/C, amounting to 4,124,000 IDR and 0.26. Technologically and economically, the cultivation of groundnut, corn and soybeans with the support of groundwater irrigation is feasible to develop on dry land during the dry season. Socially, groundnut is more accepted by farmers.</span></em></p>

Maize plant growth can be improved by the addition of a combination of fertilizer such as nano silica and NPK. Nano silica is a fertilizer that contains micro-nutrients Si which is needed by monocotyl plants to support its growth while NPK fertilizer contains macronutrient such as N, P, and K. NPK fertilizer combination with nano silica aimed at reducing the use of chemical fertilizers but still can improve corn production This study was conducted to determine the effect of optimal combination of nano silica fertilizer and NPK fertilizers in improving the levels of β-carotene and nutritional value of corn (Zea mays L.). Fertilization of nano silica is done by spraying the leaves and stalks of corn plants. NPK fertilizer is given on the edge of the corn crop at a distance of 5 cm from maize, while the dose is given by calculating fertilizer requirement per plant by a dose of fertilizer per plant. There are 5 treatments in this study: P0 (without any fertilizer); P1 (25% n anosilica+ 75% NPK); P2 (50% nano silica + 50% NPK); P3 (75% nano silica + 25% NPK); P4 (100% nano silica + 0% NPK); P5 (0% nano silica+ 100% NPK). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The parameters of this study consisted of the content of β-Carotene and measured using spectrometry and nutritional value i.e. total carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fiber, fat content, ash content, and moisture content were determined by proximate analyzed. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) if there is a significant difference result can be followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 95% significance level. The results show that the combination of nano silica fertilizer and NPK fertilizer have effects on levels of β-carotene and nutritional value of corn (Zea mays L.). The combined use of NPK fertilizer and nano silica increase beta-carotene and nutritional value compared to corn plants that were not given fertilizer. The most optimal combination of fertilization to maximize the growth of maize is 75% of nano silica fertilizer and 25% NPK fertilizer.

Fertilization is crucial for the growth and productivity of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). Both synthetic and organic fertilizers supply necessary nutrients for crop production. Coffee husk waste can be used to produce compost that provides both macro and micronutrients. This research aims to determine the optimal combination of synthetic fertilizer and coffee husk compost for shallot growth and yield. The study was conducted in Talang Kering, Kandang Limun Village, Muara Bangkahulu District, Bengkulu City, Indonesia. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments was used: no coffee husk compost + 92 kg N/ha; 5 tons/ha coffee husk compost + 73.6 kg N/ha; 10 tons/ha coffee husk compost + 55.2 kg N/ha; 15 tons/ha coffee husk compost + 36.8 kg N/ha; 20 tons/ha coffee husk compost + 18.4 kg N/ha; and 25 tons/ha coffee husk compost without N. Data were analyzed using the F test at a 5% significance level, with further analysis using LSD at 5%. The study found no significant differences among treatments in plant height and number of shallot leaves. Shallots fertilized solely with synthetic fertilizer without compost had lower shoot and bulb dry weights than those with coffee husk compost. Various combinations of coffee husk compost and N fertilizer produced similar shallot growth and yield. Thus, adding coffee husk compost improves shallot growth, which is promising for reducing synthetic fertilizer use and promoting sustainable agriculture.

Optimizing nitrogen and water management for sustainable greenhouse vegetable production with less greenhouse gas emissions

This research aimed to determine the effect of a combination of organic fertilizer and synthetic fertilizer on the growth and yield of Dayak onion plant. The research was carried out in a garden in Berbah, Sleman Special Region of Yogyakarta, at an altitude of ± 194 m above sea level, the average rainfall is 145 mm year-1 and the temperature is between (24 -32) °C. The research is arranged in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design {(3 x 4) 3} = 36 units, each unit consists of 8 plant polybags, 4 plants as sample plants. The first factor is three levels of source organic fertilizer: cow manure (P1), goat manure (P2) and household waste compost (P3). The second factor is four levels of dose of urea : 0 (N0), 4 (N1), 6 (N2) and 8 (N3) g polybag-1. Observations variables included components of growth and yield of Dayak onions. Analysis of variance used diversity analysis at the 5% level significant, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% level significant. The result of the research showed that there was an interaction between the source of organic fertilizer and the dose of urea fertilizer on the variable components of growth and yield of Dayak onion plant. The best growth of dayak onion plant was obtained from a combination of goad manure with urea fertilizer at a dose of 6 g polybag-1, while high tuber weight was obtained from combination of compost fertilizer and urea at a dose 4 g polybag-1.

Organomineral fertilizers pastilles from microalgae grown in wastewater: Ammonia volatilization and plant growth

Recovered fertilizers (RFs), in theform of digestate and digestate-derivedammonium sulfate, were produced from organic wastes by thermophilicanaerobic digestion (AD) at full scale. RFs were then used for cropproduction (maize), substituting synthetic mineral fertilizers (SFs).Environmental impacts due to both RF and SF production and use werestudied by a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach using, as much aspossible, data directly measured at full scale. The functional unitchosen was referred to as the fertilization of 1 ha of maize, as thispaper intends to investigate the impacts of the use of RF (ScenarioRF) for crop fertilization compared to that of SF (Scenario SF). ScenarioRF showed better environmental performances than the system encompassingthe production and use of urea and synthetic fertilizers (ScenarioSF). In particular, for the Scenario RF, 11 of the 18 categories showeda lower impact than the Scenario SF, and 3 of the categories (ionizingradiation, fossil resource scarcity, and water consumption) showednet negative impacts in Scenario RF, getting the benefits from thecredit for renewable energy production by AD. The LCA approach alsoallowed proposing precautions able to reduce further fertilizer impacts,resulting in total negative impacts in using RF for crop production.Anaerobic digestion represents the key to propose a sustainable approachin producing renewable fertilizers, thanks to both energy productionand the modification that occurs to waste during a biological process,leaving a substrate (digestate) with high amending and fertilizingproperties.

<span lang="EN-US">The incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is still a public health problem in Indonesia. Observations over a period of 20 to 25 years since the beginning of the discovering of the disease, has show the increase of the diseases incidence every five years. The purpose of this study are 1) study the diversity of <em>Aedes’</em>s mosquitoes in Sukabumi City, 2) measure the <em>Aedes </em>population based on the number of eggs and ovitrap index, and 3) to know the correlation between ovitrap index and house condition. <em>Aedes</em> eggs were collected from 14 villages in Sukabumi City that has the highest incidence rate, started from May 2015 until August 2015. Collecting eggs is done by setting a trap eggs (ovitrap) as many as 230 pieces in 115 homes (indoor and outdoor). The results showed that <em>Ae. aegypti </em>were found inside houses and <em>Ae. albopictus </em>were outside houses.<em> </em>The number of eggs collected from ovitrap inside the houses were three times more than those collected from outside. Ovitrap index inside houses was 60%, or 1.6 times more than the ovitrap index outside the houses (37%) in 14 villages in Sukabumi. Houses with poor ventilation and sanitation increased the risk 3.09 times of number of ovitrap index. The results of this study could be use as basic information for the communities to improved environment hygiene through reduced mosquito breeding sites, thus degraded the incidence of dengue</span>