Abstract
Abstract: Over the past five decades, accumulating evidence suggests that the hardness of drinking water, particularly its magnesium and calcium content, may influence mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality. Epidemiological studies have linked hard water to various health issues like cardiovascular disease, growth retardation, and reproductive failure. Additionally, the acidity of water affects the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium in the kidneys. Other constituents in water also impact different aspects of health. The review aims to explore these health effects, emphasizing the need for quality and quantitative assessment of drinking water to ensure its safety, especially considering that water with a total dissolved solid greater than 500 ppm may pose health risks upon prolonged consumption.
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