Potential for and Challenges to Resilience

The Everyday Lives of Young Children: Culture, Class, and Child Rearing in Diverse Societies. Jonathan Tudge. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2008. 328 pp. ISBN 9780521803847. $85.00 (cloth). Anthropologists have a long tradition of immersing readers in the flavors and textures of various cultures through detailed accounts of their time spent observing, listening, and talking to family members all over the world. Jonathan Tudge's The Everyday Lives of Young Children: Culture, Class, and Child Rearing in Diverse Societies (2008) is a nod to this tradition, though, as a developmental psychologist, Tudge introduces some interesting bifurcations from traditional approaches to studying culture. First, the family members at the center of Tudge's research are generally shorter, more prone to napping, and less inhibited than the typical subjects of ethnographic work. Thus insights into values, beliefs, and practices are granted by a dedicated focus on how young children are socialized into a given society's ways of being and doing. Tudge takes us one step further by considering how young children themselves shape and change their own cultures. This is a brilliant departure from classic studies of cultural transmission that frame children as culture bearers. Second, the cultural-ecological theory guiding Tudge's research, and inspired by Vygotsky and Bronfenbrenner, brings many layers of analysis, including psychological, sociological, historical, and anthropological. This multiplicity of lenses is one of the primary characteristics that makes Tudge's work stand out among studies of young children and marks the book as a breakthrough contribution. The multidisciplinary nature of the work also invites readers to consider culture (what it is, what it means for our lives, how it changes) in all of its complexity and fluidity, and presents interesting possibilities for studying education, urbanicity, and childrearing as shaped by - and as they shape - culture. Third, this work pushes the boundaries of research typically classified as cross-cultural by spotlighting children in urban settings around the world and by including comparisons not only across societies but also within societies (Cohen, 2009). Traditionally, when children in the ' 'majority world' ' - a term for nonindustrialized countries Tudge borrows from Kagitccibasi (1996) - are studied, the subjects are from communities. This contributes to the predominant impression among members of the industrialized (minority) world that rural is a concomitant of non- Western societies. In contrast, Tudge's research was conducted in seven cities similar in one or more ways to Greensboro, North Carolina, United States, where the study began. They include Obninsk, Russia; Tartu, Estonia; OuIu, Finland; Suwon, South Korea; Kisumu, Kenya; and Porto Alegre, Brazil. Besides Kenya and to some extent Brazil, these countries are not part of the usual lineup in comparative studies, as the objective of many such studies is to contrast societies perceived to be radically different from one another (Hallpike, 2004). In addition, traditional crosscultural studies comparing majority- world societies with minority-world industrialized urban ones tend to conflate societal differences with social class differences. By including middle- and working-class participants in his study, Tudge is able to engage within-society comparisons. Further, the Greensboro site also includes two ethnic groups, White and Black, allowing for within-society comparisons across ethnicity and attention to the intersections of culture, class, and ethnicity (Tudge & Putnam, 1997). Tudge accomplishes these sophisticated contributions in nine well-organized chapters. In Chapter 1, Tudge sets the backdrop for the research presented in the book and provides an overview of approaches to studying children from three disciplines - developmental psychology, sociology, and anthropology. …

This study uses a basic qualitative design to explore faith-integrated study abroad programming at Protestant Christian-affiliated institutions in the United States, with a particular focus on comparing programs in Majority and Minority worlds. Guided by postcolonial theory, and informed by critical lenses of globalization, we analyze curricular content found on the webpages of four US higher education institutions. Study abroad trips are compared across four vectors: how Protestant Christianity is integrated into the programs; how programs are described; the activities undertaken; and the images used to promote them. Results reveal stark and pervasive differences in how programs are depicted, depending on their location in the Majority or Minority world, that reinforce negative stereotypes and colonial/imperial narratives regarding the Majority world, contrasted with the Minority world. These results have important implications for both individuals who work directly with study abroad and to leaders more generally at Protestant-affiliated institutions.

Medical simulation, emergency medicine, anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, allergic reaction, penicillin allergy.

Purpose Most tipping studies from actual field settings have been conducted in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, typically in the United States. Because tipping practices are culturally contingent, the current research sought test the applicability of former findings in a different cultural context. To this end, we examined the replicability of US-based tipping studies in the majority world – where most people live – through three conceptual replications conducted in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach We carried out three field experiments (Ntotal = 694 dining parties corresponding to 1737 consumers) as conceptual replications of published US-based tipping studies. Dining parties either received a blank check or a check with (a) the words “Thank you” added, with or without the server’s name included (Study 1); (b) a “smiley” drawn (Study 2); or (c) the words “Wish you a sunny day” written (Study 3). Tip amount, tip percentage and tip likelihood were analyzed depending on the assigned condition of the dining parties. Findings Across studies, most dining parties engaged in tipping irrespective of treatment. However, compared to receiving a blank check, tip amounts and tip percentages significantly increased by receiving a check with (a) the words “Thank you” added, especially when the server’s name was included (Study 1); (b) a “smiley” drawn (Study 2); and (c) the words “Wish you a sunny day” written (Study 3). Tip percentages were considerably lower than those reported in former US-based studies. In fact, the conditions with the highest tip percentages in the current studies fell far below the conditions with the lowest tip percentages in the original studies (i.e. the control conditions), indicating cross-cultural variability in certain tipping tendencies. Research limitations/implications The present studies generalize prior results in a different cultural context. From a managerial viewpoint, this research attests to the robustness and replicability of seemingly subtle tipping strategies, documenting that small details can benefit servers and possibly also the restaurants in which they operate. Practical implications Managers in the service and hospitality sectors can use the results reported herein to train and educate their employees in ways that generate practically relevant and economically significant boosts in customers’ tip amounts and tip percentages. Originality/value Studies 1–3 replicate some of the main results from prior research in another part of the world, with different cultural values and norms. Importantly, however, some results clearly diverged from prior findings, suggesting that certain tipping tactics may be contextually sensitive and, hence, might not generalize from WEIRD societies to other cultures. Considering repeated calls for more generalizable theories, these results add nuance to the tipping literature.

The Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: An Epidemic Model

Estimates of Total Oil & Gas Reserves in The World, Future of Oil and Gas Companies and SMART Investments by E & P Companies in Renewable Energy Sources for Future Energy Needs

Chapter 1 maps the ideological and geopolitical contours of Cold War Native arts activity, focusing on the international circulation of a modern painting movement headquartered in New Mexico and Oklahoma. Through a series of exhibitions sponsored by the United States government, Dorothy Dunn, the white founding director of the Studio School of the Santa Fe Indian School, exerted an outsized influence on propaganda concerning Native Americans. In tension with Dunn’s narrative, the author develops a framework of trans-Indigenous, more-than-human kinship that reconnects the paintings to customary practices of Indigenous diplomacy. Functioning as a nonnormative form of geopolitics, Native kinship systems were systematically attacked by the federal government during the Indian Termination era. They persisted as an unsettling sign of difference in the United States’ efforts to expand the frontiers of extractive capitalism throughout the majority world during the Cold War.

Medicaid expansion has been nationally shown to improve engagement in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention continua, which are vital steps to stopping the HIV epidemic. New HIV infections in the United States are disproportionately concentrated among young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). Houston, TX, is the most populous city in the Southern United States with a racially/ethnically diverse population that is located in 1 of 11 US states that have not yet expanded Medicaid coverage as of 2021. An agent-based model that incorporated the sexual networks of YBMSM was used to simulate improved antiretroviral treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) engagement through Medicaid expansion in Houston, TX. Analyses considered the HIV incidence (number of new infections and as a rate metric) among YBMSM over the next 10 years under Medicaid expansion as the primary outcome. Additional scenarios, involving viral suppression and PrEP uptake above the projected levels achieved under Medicaid expansion, were also simulated. The baseline model projected an HIV incidence rate of 4.96 per 100 person years (py) and about 368 new annual HIV infections in the 10th year. Improved HIV treatment and prevention continua engagement under Medicaid expansion resulted in a 14.9% decline in the number of annual new HIV infections in the 10th year. Increasing viral suppression by an additional 15% and PrEP uptake by 30% resulted in a 44.0% decline in new HIV infections in the 10th year, and a 27.1% decline in cumulative infections across the 10 years of the simulated intervention. Simulation results indicate that Medicaid expansion has the potential to reduce HIV incidence among YBMSM in Houston. Achieving HIV elimination objectives, however, might require additional effective measures to increase antiretroviral treatment and PrEP uptake beyond the projected improvements under expanded Medicaid.

BackgroundAlthough recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) is recommended preferentially in adults aged ≥50 years in the United States, zoster vaccine live (ZVL) remains a recommended vaccine in immunocompetent adults aged ≥60 years and is currently being used in many countries around the world. Assessing the long-term effectiveness of both vaccines is critical for determining vaccine policy, including the optimal age to begin vaccination and the need for and timing of revaccination. We evaluated the long-term effectiveness of ZVL in adults ≥ 60 years old in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC). The exposed cohort included KPSC members ≥60 years vaccinated with ZVL during 1/1/2007- 12/31/2014. Three unvaccinated members were matched to each vaccinated member on age, sex, and length of membership. Individuals were followed to 6/30/2017. Electronic health records were used to identify incident herpes zoster (HZ). The effectiveness of ZVL and its 95% confidence interval (CI) at each year following vaccination was estimated.ResultsThe number of HZ cases was 7,783 in 923,176 person-years (8.4 per 1,000; 95% CI, 8.2–8.6 per 1,000) among vaccinated persons and 26,813 in 1,964,974 person-years (13.6 per 1,000; 95% CI, 13.5–13.8 per 1,000) among unvaccinated persons. The HZ incidence rate ratio, comparing the vaccinated to the unvaccinated, was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.60–0.63). The effectiveness by year after vaccination decreased each year of follow-up from 65.8% (95% CI, 63.2%-68.2%) in the first year, 49.3% (95% CI, 45.7%-52.6%) in the second, 32.0% (95% CI, 24.1%-39.1%) to 36.8% (95% CI, 32.3%-40.9%) in the third - sixth year, and 22.0% (95% CI, -2.5%- 40.6%) to 23.6% (95% CI, 13.4%-32.7%) in the seventh - 10th year. A similar pattern was seen between those 60–69 years and ≥70 years of age.ConclusionThe effectiveness of ZVL declined from 66% in the first year to 22% in the 10th year after vaccination. This 10-year effectiveness study of ZVL provides insights into a revaccination strategy and need for a more effective and durable vaccine. Studies of long-term effectiveness of RZV are also warranted.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

The question of how to pursue politically relevant and engaged scholarship has been an ongoing theme within socio-legal scholarship. In the United States of America, Presidential Addresses of the Law and Society Association have consistently urged greater political engagement (Lempert 2001; Seron 2016; Scheppele 2023). In the United Kingdom, journals such as Social & Legal Studies have placed critical and engaged scholarship at the core of their mission (Editorial 1992; Editorial 1998). In the Majority World 1 – where the socio-legal field is less institutionalised – scholars have often been more directly involved in political action, re-imagining colonial law and using it as a tool for social change (Shivji 2018; Sieder, Ansolabehere and Alfonso Sierra 2019). These scholars have not only inspired calls for activist scholarship in the Minority World (Munger 2001) but have also unsettled the very dichotomy between scholarship and activism (D’Souza 2009).

Editorial

Charismatic Christianity and globalization This book has shown that within a century of its commencement, Charismatic forms of Christianity existed in most countries and affected all forms of Christianity in our contemporary world – however we regard or manipulate the statistics on affiliation. I have attempted to demonstrate the complexity of what we call ‘Pentecostalism’, both in terms of its origins and of its distinctive characteristics. As the subtitle of Cox’s Fire from Heaven declares, religion itself in the twenty-first century has been ‘reshaped’ through the ‘rise of Pentecostal spirituality’. Whatever our opinion or personal experience of Pentecostalism, it is a movement of such magnitude that Christianity itself has been irrevocably changed. The mushrooming growth of Pentecostal and Charismatic churches and the ‘Pentecostalization’ of older, both Protestant and Catholic churches – especially in the Majority World – is a fact of our time. Ghanaian theologian Cephas Omenyo writes that the Pentecostal experience is becoming ‘mainline’ Christianity in Africa, ‘not merely in numbers but more importantly in spirituality, theology and practice’. This observation applies to other continents too, as we have seen. With all its warts and wounds, this composite movement continues to expand and increase across the globe.

Understanding creation care as pro-life helps the evangelical and Catholic communities relate to environmental concerns as more than interest in fauna and flora but as a primary matter of life for our children, the Majority World’s poor, and even many of the economically disadvantaged in the United States whose homes border some of our country’s most toxic air, foulest water, and polluted soil.

Intercultural engagement and relatedness: Examining mediation effects

Sleep is critical for healthy development, and yet sleep patterns and requirements are not static throughout the lifespan.In typically developing individuals, sleep parameters gradually change with age so that whilst newborns sleep, on average, for 14.6 hours every 24 hours [1], older adults typically obtain 7 hours of sleep per night [2] with school-age children achieving 8.9 hours [1].These figures are typically used for guidelines for the recommended amount of sleep children should achieve at each age for optimal functioning.For example, guidance states that preschool children (aged 3-5) should sleep 10-13 hours on a regular basis [3][4][5].However, given the significant variability in observed typical sleep patterns, these recommendations may have limited clinical utility when applied to individual children [6][7][8].Additionally, there is a lack of population-level sleep data available for many countries [9].Thus, our understanding of children's sleep patterns and needs, and therefore intervention targets, is derived predominantly from studies of the Minority World (that is, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or Western European countries).In such countries, there is often a focus on autonomy and self-sufficiency, which prioritizes children learning to self-soothe and fall asleep independently.In fact, "good" babies are often praised for being able to sleep through the night alone [10], and parents are criticized for choosing to co-sleep [11].This leads to the assumption that children should have consolidated sleep from an early age, and the ability to sleep alone, despite arguments that this is neither possible nor optimal for development [12].Work conducted in the Minority World has influenced our understanding of early sleep patterns and expectations for "normal" sleep in childhood, despite the fact that these countries represent only 7% of young children across the world [13].Thus, typical sleep recommendations for preschoolers may be described as "WEIRD" (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic [14]) and do not take into account differing cultural practices or patterns.It is critical to understand typical sleep patterns from the Majority World in order to manage caregivers' expectations of child sleep and determine whether sleep interventions are necessary or suitable for a given context.The paper by Zhang and colleagues [15] in this issue provides the first global evaluation of differences in sleep patterns and practices of preschool children (aged 3-5 years).Although the