Abstract
The study of the processes of restoration of species richness and productivity of steppe ecosystems after fires is an urgent problem that affects not only the conservation of biodiversity but also the maintenance of pasture resources. This article presents the results of a study of post-pyrogenic effects in steppe ecosystems, taking into account changes in the species composition of cyanoprokaryotes and algae that are art of the biological soil crust, which performs ecologically important functions in xerophytic ecosystems. The investigations were carried out in virgin and post-pyrogenic steppe ecosystems of the “Troitsk Clough” reserve (Zaporizhia region, Ukraine). For three years, the dynamics of the projective cover and the height of the vegetation cover in virgin areas of herbs-fescue-feather-grass and fescue-feather-grass steppes was studied as well as within two ecosystems of post-pyrogenic development after fires that occurred in the spring and winter periods. We discovered that restoration of the herbs-fescue-feather-grass and fescue-feather-grass steppes after fires occurs at different rates. The cause of the slow restoration of vegetation cover can be its severe damage by fire at the beginning of the vegetation season and the development of erosion processes. The number of species of cyanoprokaryotes and algae in the biological soil crust of virgin and post-pyrogenic ecosystems is not significantly different. It varies from 35 to 49 species. The greatest diversity is noted for Cyanoprokaryota. Chlorophyta is in the second place. Among the dominants, the filamentous forms of Cyanoprokaryota prevail. Nostoc edaphicum was noted as a nitrogen fixing representative. The similarity of the species lists of cyanoprokaryotes and algae of post-pyrogenic and virgin ecosystems, according to the calculated Jaccard coefficient, varies from 49.1% to 55.3%. This indicates a strong specificity of the composition of cyanoprokaryotes and algae in post-pyrogenic biological soil crusts. Changes in their composition reflect different stages of post-pyrogenic succession. In the first year after a fire, there is a slight increase in species richness, which is a consequence of the favorable effect of increasing the amount of mineral substances in the soil after the organic matter has burned out. The “pioneer” group includes: Phormidium autumnale, Ph. dimorphum, Ph. retzii, Ph. (Leptolyngbya) henningsii, Luticola mutica, Hantzschia amphioxys. Gradually this effect is leveled and the species richness of cyanoprokaryotes and algae is stabilized at a level peculiar for this type of ecosystem.
Highlights
Fires in ecosystems formed by grasses is a fairly common phenomenon associated with the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors (Kolomiiets and Burda, 2007; Scheintaub et al, 2009; Clark et al, 2016)
The studied ecosystems differed in composition, projective cover, height of higher vegetation (Table 1). 35 species of algae and cyanoprokaryotes from 5 groups were identified in the biological soil crusts composition on the PP 3, which was laid on the territory of the geobiocoenoses of post-pyrogenic development from the fire in 2009: Cyanoprocaryota – 20 species (57.1%), Eustigmatophyta – 1 (2.9%), Xanthophyta – 1 (2.9%), Bacillariophyta – 5 (14.3%) and Chlorophyta – 8 (22.9%)
Restoration of the herbs-fescue-feather-grass and fescue-feather-grass steppes after fire occurs at different rates
Summary
Fires in ecosystems formed by grasses is a fairly common phenomenon associated with the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors (Kolomiiets and Burda, 2007; Scheintaub et al, 2009; Clark et al, 2016). The occurrence and spread of fire leads to changes in all components of ecosystems. Their recovery is realized by successive digressive-demutational changes, the study of which has received considerable attention (Kolomiiets and Burda, 2007; Havrylenko, 2011; Buc, 2012). Peculiarities of pyrogenic changes and demutational processes are caused both by the specifics of ecosystem components and by the scale, intensity, time of occurrence of fires and other factors (Scherbina et al, 2014; Savadogo et al, 2017)
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