Post-Quantum Authentication for Emergency Messaging in 5G Vehicular Fog Networks

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is divided into V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) communication and V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure) communication. V2V requires no infrastructure or roadside devices and vehicles communicate with each other using wireless inter-vehicle communication. V2I requires some infrastructure such as RSUs (Road Side Units). OBUs (On Board Units) installed in vehicles can access to backbone networks by using RSUs. Unlike MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network), VANET requires a mechanism to accommodate the environment that the moving speed of vehicles is very fast and the network topology changes frequently. VANET can use IEEE 1609.4 that supports multi-channel operation. The multi-channel approach of IEEE 1609.4 uses orthogonal channels to communicate between RSU and OBU. However, if emergency messages should be processed in high priority, the delay time will be increased because the multi-channel approach makes a fair share of available channels. Therefore, this paper proposes DMAE (DSRC-based Multi-Channel Allocation for Emergency Message Dissemination) algorithm to resolve this problem. DMAE allocates the highest bandwidth channel to the urgent message firstly, and guarantees QoS between RSU and OBU through periodic channel switching. Simulation results using ns-2 show performance improvement in terms of end-to-end delay and emergency message delivery rate.KeywordsVANETVehicle to InfrastructureChannel AllocationMulti-ChannelMaximized Bandwidth

In this paper, we analyze the current binary partition multi-hop broadcast protocol and propose an enhanced solution, namely, Trinary Partition Black-Burst based Broadcast Protocol (3P3B) for Emergency Message (EM) dissemination. 3P3B provides low and constant latency regardless density and size of networks compared to existing solutions. It also enhances message dissemination speed and message progress distance. The main technique in the 3P3B is that 3P3B uses mini-slot DIFS to give a preemptive priority to very urgent EMs and deploys a trinary partition mechanism to select the furthest forwarder of the next communication hop. We prove that 3P3B recues the delay, increases dissemination speed, message progress distance, and outperforms the well-known existing broadcast protocols for EM dissemination in VANET.

Hybrid networks constructed from cellular networks and delay- and disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs) are able to provide reliable communications to mobile nodes in base-station-starved areas regardless of node mobility or density. However, no routing scheme in DTNs has considered the adaptation to other networks, i.e., cellular networks. Thus, the reliability of message delivery is dependent on the position relationship between source nodes and base stations. In this paper, we propose an advanced routing scheme that controls the maximum number of replicas according to the distance between the source node and the nearest base station. Furthermore, we show how to decide the maximum number of replica messages for the distance from the base stations by analyzing the message delivery reliability of an existing DTN routing scheme. Additionally, we execute extensive computer simulations to evaluate the performance of our proposed routing scheme. Our results show that our proposed routing scheme keeps the required reliability regardless of the source node location.

In Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), the typical topology variations produced by the highly mobile nature of vehicle poses major issues in data transmission. The mobility and location based data dissemination techniques could satisfy the requirements of emergency message (EM) dissemination. It faces several issues in highway as well as urban roadways like minimum latency, highly secure, and scalable, which needs to be resolved. Generally, broadcasting protocols for VANET make use of beacon signals, which are distributed amongst the vehicles to attain information about the neighboring vehicles. With this motivation, this paper presents an energy aware cluster based routing protocol for the critical message dissemination (EAC-RPCMD) technique for VANET. The goal of the EAC-RPCMD technique aims to disseminate the EMs in the cluster based VANET environment. The EAC-RPCMD technique primarily designs an equilibrium optimizer based clustering (EOC) technique for the organization of vehicles into clusters. Besides, the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm based route selection (RS) technique, named MRFO-RS technique for optimal choice of routes to destination. Moreover, the EM dissemination scheme is also employed in the VANET. The performance validation of the EAC-RPCMD technique takes place and the results are inspected under several aspects.

Patient monitoring is becoming a requirement for offering a better healthcare to an increasing number of patients in nursing homes and hospitals. During the monitoring, vital signs of patients could fluctuate significantly and/or match certain undesirable patterns and therefore alerts or emergency messages must be delivered to healthcare professionals. There has been some work in using infrastructure-oriented wireless networks for transmission of emergency messages, however, the network coverage and reliability of message delivery have not been satisfactory. To overcome these, we propose that ad hoc networks can be formed among patients’ devices for improved transmission of emergency messages. We also propose several design enhancements to improve the quality and coverage of patient monitoring. The performance results for the proposed ad hoc network based architecture show that reliable message delivery and low monitoring delays can be achieved by using multicast or broadcast-based routing schemes.

In Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET), dissemination of emergency messages needs to be fast and robust as it makes the driver aware of the situation and gives time to take necessary actions. But information dissemination within vehicles in multi-hop broadcast scenario with multiple channel access suffers from problems like “Broadcast Storm”, “Re-Synchronization” and “Network Partition”. Many protocols have been proposed to achieve controlled flooding to mitigate broadcast storm and selects suitable carry forward agents to mitigate network partition. When an emergency incident occurs, all vehicles are not equally affected by that incident. So, the dissemination of message should be targeted only towards the relevant vehicles which are likely to be affected by the incident. But existing protocols are not usually concerned about the direction of dissemination and hence, message can get disseminated towards any arbitrary direction and may get suppressed for some important directions where vehicles need to be informed about the incident in priority. In this paper, we have proposed a data dissemination protocol (i.e. TAFDRV) where vehicles predict their own relevance for an emergency message in a purely distributed manner using a heuristic method and only relevant vehicles get chance to disseminate message with minimized delay and packet loss.

A framework for supporting emergency messages in wireless patient monitoring

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can bolster road safety through the proactive dissemination of emergency messages (EMs) among vehicles, effectively reducing the occurrence of traffic-related accidents. It is difficult to transmit EMs quickly and reliably due to the high-speed mobility of VANET and the attenuation of the wireless signal. However, poor network design and high vehicle mobility are the two most difficult problems that affect VANET’s network performance. The real-time traffic situation and network dependability will also be significantly impacted by route selection and message delivery. Many of the current works have undergone studies focused on forwarder selection and message transmission to address these problems. However, these earlier approaches, while effective in forwarder selection and routing, have overlooked the critical aspects of communication overhead and excessive energy consumption, resulting in transmission delays. To address the prevailing challenges, the proposed solutions use edge computing to process and analyze data locally from surrounding cars and infrastructure. EDGE-RSUs are positioned by the side of the road. In intelligent transportation systems, this lowers latency and enhances real-time decision-making by employing proficient forwarder selection techniques and optimizing the dissemination of EMs. In the context of 5G-enabled VANET, this paper introduces a novel routing protocol, namely, the supercluster-based urban multi-hop broadcast and best forwarder selection protocol (UMB-BFS). The improved twin delay deep deterministic policy gradient (IT3DPG) method is used to select the target region for emergency message distribution after route selection. Clustering is conducted using modified density peak clustering (MDPC). Improved firefly optimization (IFO) is used for optimal path selection. In this way, all emergency messages are quickly disseminated to multiple directions and also manage the traffic in VANET. Finally, we plotted graphs for the following metrics: throughput (3.9 kbps), end-to-end delay (70), coverage (90%), packet delivery ratio (98%), packet received (12.75 k), and transmission delay (57 ms). Our approach’s performance is examined using numerical analysis, demonstrating that it performs better than the current methodologies across all measures.

Social connections among network nodes have been well investigated as an additional opportunity in network design (e.g., in routing strategies and trusted networking). This paper presents a paradigm shift that explores the design and performance analysis of combining social links jointly with communication links for message delivery in wireless networks. In a combined multi-layer social and communication network, communication links are based on conventional wireless technologies (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth) and social links are overlaid over a communication infrastructure (e.g., cellular network) that provides an alternative way for data transmission. The goal is to characterize the performance analytically when routing is designed by combining social and communication links. A distance discretization technique is applied to model the reliability and delay of message delivery. The analytical foundation is developed to analyze the end-to-end delay and success probability under various effects of persistent transmission, potential error in distance estimation, and mobility. Systematic routing strategies that employ network inference are then designed to improve the performance in different aspects, such as delivery delay, delivery success probability, and energy-saving. A network emulation testbed is implemented with actual radios and real-world social network datasets to measure the performance of a heterogeneous network with social and communication links. The results in this paper show that the integration of social links in wireless network routing as a multi-layer design leads to substantial performance improvement for delay and reliability of message delivery.

A group of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) with common interests can drive in a cooperative manner, namely cooperative driving, which has been verified to significantly improve road safety, traffic efficiency and environmental sustainability. A more general scenario that various types of cooperative driving applications such as truck platooning and vehicle clustering, will coexist on roads in the foreseeable future. To support such multiple cooperative drivings, it is critical to design an efficient message dissemination scheduling in a shared communication channel. Most ongoing research suggests using the time-division multiple access (TDMA) method on top of IEEE 802.11p as a potential remedy. However, TDMA requires time synchronization and is not flexible, especially in the multiple cooperative drivings scenario where the beacon frequency needs to be updated and the number of cooperative drivings changes to meet the time-varying traffic conditions. In this paper, we focus on the study of the message dissemination protocol for platooning, a typical and well-known cooperative driving pattern. Specifically, we proposed a hybrid message dissemination protocol which aims at guaranteeing the reliable delivery of beacon messages for a multi-platooning system. We first adopt a TDMA-based medium access method for intra-platoon communication to improve the reliability and efficiency of beacon dissemination. We then present a token-passing medium access method for inter-platoon communication, which maps platoons into a token ring to schedule their beacon transmission time. We conduct extensive numerical experiments to validate the effectiveness of our protocol.

With the advances of Internet of Things technologies, individual vehicles can now exchange information to improve traffic safety, and some vehicles can further improve safety and efficiency by coordinating their mobility via cooperative driving. To facilitate these applications, many studies have been focused on the design of inter-vehicle message dissemination protocols. However, most existing designs either assume individual driving pattern or consider cooperative driving only. Moreover, few of them fully exploit infrastructures, such as cameras, sensors, and road-side units. In this paper, we address the design of message dissemination that supports heterogeneous driving patterns. Specifically, we first propose an infrastructure-assisted message dissemination framework that can utilize the capability of infrastructures. We then present a novel beacon scheduling algorithm that aims at guaranteeing the timely and reliable delivery of both periodic beacon messages for cooperative driving and event-triggered safety messages for individual driving. To evaluate the performance of the protocol, we develop both theoretical analysis and simulation experiments. Extensive numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.

Inter-vehicular communications is seen as a promising solution to a number of issues related with public road safety, road congestion management, and infotainment. However, Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) characterized by high mobility of vehicles and facing a number of other issues related with high frequency wireless communications and network disconnections, encounter major challenges related with reliability of message delivery. This issue, despite a number of relevant publications, has not been extensively researched so far. This paper is the first one to provide a definition of information resilience for VANETs and the respective taxonomy of challenges to resilient message delivery for all types of VANET applications (being adaptation of a general taxonomy of challenges for networked systems). Example challenges related to technical aspects of resilient message dissemination for PHY/MAC layer, broadcast transmission, and multi-hop routing are outlined in the final part of the paper.

Instant central control is needed for static wireless network to perform specific tasks, especially those time-critical ones. Until now, there have not being a special-purpose communication model designed for applications of this type. This paper introduces a lightweight base-to-node communication model for static large-scale wireless networks; the goal is to provide fast and reliable message delivery from base station to random nodes. To achieve this, our wireless network architecture is designed as a combination of Ripple Region and Directed Pipe; it provides reliable and fast message delivery while achieving simplicity and flexibility.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) communication protocols are two main protocols used to send data over a computer network. Although both are often used in various network applications, they have different characteristics in terms of reliability, speed, and efficiency. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the performance between TCP and UDP protocols in sending text messages using a chat application. This study was conducted by measuring several main parameters such as message delivery time, reliability level, latency, and throughput. In the TCP protocol, which is connection-oriented, the test results show that text messages are sent with a high level of reliability due to the flow control mechanism, packet sequencing, and retransmission of lost packets. However, this causes higher latency than UDP. In contrast, the UDP protocol, which is connectionless, is able to send messages with lower latency and higher throughput, but does not guarantee message reliability, because there is no retransmission mechanism for lost or damaged packets. The results of this study indicate that the choice between TCP and UDP depends on the specific needs of the application. If the main priority is message delivery reliability, TCP is superior. However, if speed and efficiency are more important, such as in real-time chat applications, UDP can be a better choice. This research is expected to help application developers in choosing the right protocol based on the performance needs of the application used.

Among all requirements for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, successful delivery of packets with small delay is of the highest significance. Especially, the delivery of a message before a potential accident (i.e. emergency message) should be guaranteed. In this work, we propose a novel cross-layer design to enhance the delivery of emergency messages so that accidents can be further avoided. Particularly, in the PHY layer, imperfect full-duplex (FD) simultaneous transmitting and sensing is analysed and dynamic thresholds for determining the channel status before and during transmissions are mathematically formulated. Then a novel FD MAC protocol, named priority-based multiple access (PBMA), based on prioritised messaging between different vehicles is proposed. Average collision probability, collision duration, waiting time as well as successful delivery rate of the system are formulated too. The delivery performance of emergency messages is also mathematically derived. In addition, comparisons have been made among three different mechanisms. Benchmark is the DSRC standard which uses half-duplex (HD) technology with enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) protocol. We also compare our proposed protocol with FD EDCA. Simulations have verified the accuracy of our analysis. They have also illustrated the delivery of emergency messages has been enhanced by deploying our proposed design.