Positive narratives against the destructive behavior of novice voters on social media

Novice voters are susceptible to political misinformation, which can influence democratic decision-making. Thus, reducing the negative impact of political misinformation is essential to support more democratic elections. Utilizing the Stimulus-Organism-Response theoretical framework, this research examines four hypotheses concerning the correlation of media literacy and information literacy on the capability of novice voters to recognize misinformation about politics and their intention to disseminate it on social networks. A quantitative research approach employing cross-sectional surveys was utilized. The sample consisted of 380 novice voters comprising high school students in Cianjur Regency, selected through a stratified random sampling method. Data were collected through online surveys using Google Forms and tested using the application of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. According to the findings, media literacy and information literacy simultaneously significantly impact novice voters' competence to recognize political misinformation on social network sites, and higher media and information literacy scales correlate with lower intentions to disseminate political misinformation on social platforms. The findings conclude that media literacy and information literacy perform a crucial function in determining the behavior of beginner voters regarding political misinformation on social media. These findings also support policymakers, media organizations, and educational institutions in designing more effective literacy programs.

Dementia research has frequently documented high rates of caregiver depression and distress in spouses providing care for a partner suffering from dementia. However, the role of marital communication in understanding caregiver distress has not been examined sufficiently. Studies with healthy couples demonstrated an association between marital communication and the partners' psychological well-being, depressiveness, respectively (e.g., Heene, Buysee, & Van Oost, 2005). The current study investigates the relationship between caregiver depression and communication in 37 couples in which the wives care for their partners with dementia. Nonsequential and sequential analyses revealed significant correlations between caregiver depression and marital communication quality. Caregivers whose husbands used more positive communication reported less depression and distress. Additionally, caregiver depression was negatively correlated with rates of positive reciprocal communication indicating dependence between the couples' interaction patterns. This study is one of the first to illustrate the relevance of spousal communication in understanding caregiver distress and depression.

The emergence of hoaxes in the digital era ahead of the 2024 elections which will be held simultaneously cannot be avoided. The dominance of hoaxes in elections causes polarization and distrust of the election process, especially for novice voters. This is because novice voters have a strategic role and are vulnerable to misinformation and perceptions. Therefore, it is necessary to educate novice voters regarding hoaxes as a threat to democratic and quality elections. This Community Service activity was given to students and teachers at SMA IT AL-FITYAN, Kubu Raya Regency as an effort to provide knowledge about hoaxes, raise awareness to be able to prevent and detect hoaxes and increase the political participation of novice voters in elections. This activity uses socialization methods and active participation through discussion/sharing. The result of this activity is an increase in the understanding of Al-Fityan High School students about hoaxes ahead of the 2024 election where 80% of students show a very good understanding of the hoax issue. It involves novice voters as young voters who are rational and contribute to influencing the future of the country.

Social media has more capabilities of transferring ideas, disseminating various purposes, including political campaign content through social media more quickly and almost without any boundaries. Social media can also as the communication tools where everyone influences each other, including in terms of influencing voters and in this case it will become a novice voter for high school students in the Meranti Islands Regency. Novice voters are identical to smartphones and social media. This activity aims to educate novice voters in determining and making choices based on what they experienced in social media so that they have sufficient knowledge and become wiser, and also ready to participate in the general election.

This study aims to map what social media is popular among beginner voters as a political reference for the 2024 election. Furthermore, this study will examine persuasive political messages that appeal to novice voters so that it will illustrate what message formulas are popular among novice voters. This research will use a qualitative approach with data collection methods through open questionnaires to explore informants' social media use habits, mandala interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. Informants will be selected using purposive sampling techniques, namely first-time voters who have not been used to vote in regional elections, aged 17-18 years in 2023, and who actively access political information on social media. The results of the menu research show that the message formula that gets the attention of novice voters is in a way that is not pushy or persuasive. Use slang that is easy to understand and not rigid (implicitly does not contain the candidate's vision, mission, and program). Message packaging in videos and photos is more beautiful to novice voters than text because it aligns with social media, which is generally interested in Instagram and TikTok.

In 2022, Brebes Regency will carry out the 3rd stage of Simultaneous Village Head Elections, including in Bangsri Village, which involves the participation of Beginner Voters. Political participation is a form of citizen participation in the political process. In a democracy, the people are expected to actively participate in politics. The political participation of the Bangsri Village novice voters can be seen in various forms, including Pre-Election, During Election and Post-Election. Judging from the three forms of participation, the participation of novice voters in the Bangsri Village head election looks low. This study uses the theory of Political Participation (Gabriel Almond), namely the Conventional Political Participation Form, which is a normal and legal form of participation as a research analysis knife and as an instrument to conduct in-depth studies to determine the political participation of the Bangsri Village community. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Descriptive analysis method is used to obtain a systematic, factual and accurate description of the facts, characteristics and relationships between the phenomena being investigated. The results of this study indicate that the Political Participation of Beginner Voters in the Election of the Bangsri Village Head, Bulakamba District in participation in the KPPS Committee and Officer, knowing DPT information, seeing the determination and taking of the serial number of the village head candidate, participating in the Timses of one of the candidates, participating in the campaign agenda , voting, and watching the vote count is still considered low. There are several factors that cause the political participation of novice voters is still low, namely the heavy factor in work, heavy on school, wandering, and lack of experience. So that the political participation of novice voters in Bangsri Village is still not maximized.

Social media, like Twitter, allows users to express opinions, comment, and share information freely. It has become a primary platform for fans to show support but also a space where verbal aggression can occur, influencing fan behavior and attitudes. This study examines the impact of the Twitter account @idextratime and verbal aggression on the fanaticism of Manchester United fans. Using a quantitative research method, a survey was conducted. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing (T-Test & F-Test).This research aims to determine how much influence each independent variable, namely social media and verbal aggression, has on the dependent variable, namely fanaticism, and how much influence the social media variable and verbal aggression simultaneously have on the fanaticism variable. Results showed significant influence, with social media and verbal aggression accounting for 88.4% of the variance in fanaticism. The study concluded that social media and verbal aggression significantly affect fan fanaticism.

Pornography is a fictional media genre that depicts sexual fantasies and explicitly presents naked bodies and sexual activities for the purpose of sexual arousal (Williams, 1989; McKee et al., 2020). Regarding media ethics and media effects, pornography has traditionally been viewed as highly problematic. Pornographic material has been accused of portraying sexuality in unhealthy, morally questionable and often sexist ways, thereby harming performers, audiences, and society at large. In the age of the Internet, pornography has become more diverse, accessible, and widespread than ever (Döring, 2009; Miller et al., 2020). Consequently, the depiction of sexuality in pornography is the focus of a growing number of content analyses of both mass media (e.g., erotic and pornographic novels and movies) and social media (e.g., erotic and pornographic stories, photos and videos shared via online platforms). Typically, pornography’s portrayals of sexuality are examined by measuring the prevalence and frequency of sexual practices and related gender roles via quantitative content analysis (for research reviews see Carrotte et al., 2020; Miller & McBain, 2022). This DOCA entry focuses on the representation of violence as one of eight important dimensions of the portrayals of sexuality in pornography. Field of application/theoretical foundation: In the field of pornographic media content research, different theories are used, mainly 1) general media effects theories, 2) sexual media effects theories, 3) gender role, feminist and queer theories, 4) sexual fantasy and desire theories, and different 5) mold theories versus mirror theories. The DOCA entry “Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)” introduces all these theories and explains their application to pornography. The respective theories are applicable to the analysis of the depiction of violence as one dimension of the portrayals of sexuality in pornography. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Manual quantitative content analyses of pornographic material can be combined with qualitative (e.g., Keft-Kennedy, 2008) as well as computational (e.g., Seehuus et al., 2019) content analyses. Furthermore, content analyses can be complemented with qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys to investigate perceptions and evaluations of the portrayals of sexuality in pornography among pornography’s creators and performers (e.g., West, 2019) and audiences (e.g., Cowan & Dunn, 1994; Hardy et al., 2022; Paasoonen, 2021; Shor, 2022). Additionally, experimental studies are helpful to measure directly how different dimensions of pornographic portrayals of sexuality are perceived and evaluated by recipients, and if and how these portrayals can affect audiences’ sexuality-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (e.g., Kohut & Fisher, 2013; Miller et al., 2019). Example studies for manual quantitative content analyses: Common research hypotheses state that pornography depicts sexuality as violent and shows violent acts such as verbal aggression, physical aggression or image-based abuse being predominately perpetrated by men targeting women. To test such hypotheses and code pornographic material accordingly, it is necessary to clarify the concept of “violence” and use valid and reliable measures for different types of violence. In addition, it is necessary to code the sex/gender of the person depicted as the source and/or the target of the respective violent act (e.g., in the context of verbal sexual aggression, the target of verbal aggression is coded as female or male and the source of verbal aggression is coded as female or male). It is important to note that in the context of pornographic content research, researchers conceptualize violence differently. Also, it should be noted, that there is some overlap between the variable violence and the variable degradation in the context of pornographic portrayals of sexuality. For example, the depiction of “name calling” in a pornographic scene can be understood as an indicator of “violence” (namely verbal aggression) or of “degradation”. Name calling is covered here as verbal aggression (following Fritz et al., 2020), hence, it is not covered again as degradation, even though some authors do so (such as Gorman et al., 2010; see DOCA entry “Degradation (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)”). In general, one can argue that all violent acts – apart from being potentially painful and harmful – have a component of degradation because they put the target of violence in a subordinate role. However, not all degrading acts are violent (e.g., degradation by systematic lack of sexual reciprocity does not entail overt aggression). Coding Material Measure Operationalization (excerpt) Reliability Source Violence: Usually, violence is defined as behavior directed toward the goal of harm or injury of another living being, who is motivated to avoid such treatment (McKee, 2015). However, in content analyses of pornography, violent behavior is often coded regardless of intention to harm or actual harm done. Instead, violence is coded with reference to the presence of prespecified behaviors (e.g., spanking, slapping, choking), even if these behaviors are presented as consensual and sexually arousing (Miller & McBain, 2022). Technology-facilitated sexual violence (image-based sexual abuse) addresses the illegal recording and dissemination of intimate imagery without consent, such as revenge porn, upskirting or spy cams (Henry & Powell, 2018). Mainstream pornography platforms partly disseminate illegal material and partly market some of their legal commercial pornography under these respective labels, hence pretending to provide non-consensual pornography (Vera-Gray et al., 2021). Apart from issues of performer health protection, violent acts are also regarded as relevant in terms of modelling behaviors for audiences. N=4,009 heterosexual scenes from 3,767 pornographic videos sampled from PornHub.com (574 scenes) and and Xvideos. com (3,435 scenes) Verbal aggression “An action that clearly does or could reasonably be expected to cause psychological harm to oneself or another person through name calling or insulting”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 97.5% (PornHub) / 88.9% (Xvideos) Fritz et al. (2020) Physical aggression “Any action that clearly did or could reasonably be expected to cause physical harm to oneself or another person, regardless of the perpetrator’s intent and the target’s response”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 98.8% (Pornhub) / 97.6% (Xvideos) - Spanking (type of physical aggression) “Striking on the buttocks with an open hand”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 94.2% (Pornhub) / 96.9% (Xvideos) - Slapping (type of physical aggression) “Striking oneself or another with an entirely unclosed hand, group of fingers, or palm”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 99.2% (Pornhub) / 98.1% (Xvideos) - Gagging (type of physical aggression) “Any instance in which an object (including the genitals) is inserted into a person’s mouth, such that it appears to cut off their ability to breathe freely and/or causes them to experience a throat spasm”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 99.2% (Pornhub) / 96.7% (Xvideos) - Pulling hair (type of physical aggression) “Any instance where the hair on a person’s head is grasped or pulled on, such that the person’s head is pulled (even slightly) in a particular direction”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 100.0% (Pornhub) / 98.9% (Xvideos) - Choking (type of physical aggression) “To cause another to stop breathing, if only for a moment, by grabbing the throat”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 98.3% (Pornhub) / 98.8% (Xvideos) - Pushing (type of physical aggression) ‘‘Use of one’s hands, arms, or other body parts to force another person’s body or part of their body to move in a particular manner or direction”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 95.0% (Pornhub) / 97.9% (Xvideos) N=131,738 titles of pornographic videos presented on the landing pages of the three leading mainstream pornography video platforms in the UK: PornHub.com, Xhamster.com, Xvideos.com Image-based sexual abuse Pornographic video title includes keywords indicating image-based sexual abuse such as “spy”, “hidden”, “upskirting”, “leak” or “revenge”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Not available Vera-Gray et al. (2021) At the same time, porn platforms may disseminate material without the consent of the depicted persons in such violence-indicating categories, but also in regular sub-genre categories (such as "Threesome", "Handjob"), making it impossible for coders to reliably detect all image-based violence. References Carrotte, E. R., Davis, A. C., & Lim, M. S. (2020). Sexual behaviors and violence in pornography: Systematic review and narrative synthesis of video content analyses. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), Article e16702. https://doi.org/10.2196/16702 Cowan, G., & Dunn, K. F. (1994). What themes in pornography lead to perceptions of the degradation of women? Journal of Sex Research, 31(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499409551726 Döring, N. (2009). The Internet’s impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.04.003 Fritz, N., Malic, V. [Vinny], Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the types, targets, and relative frequency of aggression in mainstream pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 3041–3053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-0

This study aims to determine the role of social media for novice voter participation in elections. A descriptive literature study is applied with an analysis of previous journals as well as data collection on the same topic through social media, such as Facebook and Twitter. Study findings show that social media has become the main object of novice voters in getting information about elections. Novice voters who are mostly millennials have been introduced to the sophistication of the internet, and exposed by various data through sundry sources. The main information source for the millennial generation, however, is social media, which serves to express their freedom as well as allowing political participation in the digital era. With the imperative position of social media, it is plausible therefore for the government to use it for political socialization aiming at increasing political participation of the novice voters

Elections are one of the times when Indonesian democracy runs because the people themselves will choose a pair of president and vice president candidates along with the existing legislature. Voters need to have enough information about the candidates in order to choose the best among them, especially novice voters. Novice voters need to have good digital literacy in facing the upcoming 2024 elections. The 2024 election itself is mostly from young people who are novice voters. The purpose of this study is to determine the digital literacy readiness of novice voters in 2024 elections. In addition, it will also be known what factors influence this readiness and the impact of the readiness of novice voters on their participation in the election later. This study uses a quantitative approach with descriptive methods. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires as primary data and literature studies as secondary data. The results and conclusions obtained in this study are that the majority of novice voters use social media as an information platform about the 2024 elections with varying levels of trust in the information. Most of the respondents chose not to share the information obtained related to the verification of uncertain news.

Political participation is the manifest of people power, however there’s a declining trend of voters in the previous elections. This study is aimed to examine relative contribution of personal values and internal political efficacy toward political participation. Subject of research is 231students from four faculties of Islamic State University (UIN) Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, registered and becaming a novice voter in the election of 2014. The result of the regression analysis between Personal Values (X1) and Internal Political Efficacy (X2) collectively together against participation in Political Participation (Y) is resulted F = 17,809 in the significancy level (p) = 0,000. It shown that Personal Values and Internal Political Efficacy simoultaneously have significant effect toward student’s political participation .

General election is a form of democratic system implementation. This democratic system is carried out to the lowest level in the government system, namely in the general election of village heads. However, in practice, the village head election process is still not optimal due to various forms of fraud. One of which is the practice of money politics. Money politics aims to influence the voters' votes so that they are influenced to choose a candidate who provides them with assistance in the form of money or goods and services. The case of money politics is getting stronger in the run-up to the election, and the targets of money politics are not only voters who have held elections before but also beginner voters. This study aimed to determine the practice of money politics in the election of village heads and its effect on the level of participation of novice voters. The research method used is descriptive quantitative. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The research used data interpretation assisted with statistical applications, SPSS, to analyze the data. The results showed that the money politics practices that occurred in the election of the Village Head in Gampong Gunong Meulinteung were in the form of money that is 64 people (76%), goods that is 46 people (57%), and services that is 47 people (58%). The correlation test results show a value of 0.276, where the influence of money politics on novice voters in the Gampong Gunong Meulinteung Village Head Election in 2019 is 7.6%. It means that it has little effect on novice voters. The rest, amounting to 92.4% of novice voters, chose the Village Head candidate based on other factors such as age, education, and the candidate’s personality. Therefore, all forms of money politics should be eliminated in the general election so that the implementation of democracy in Indonesia can run well. In addition, it is also necessary to provide political education for novice voters, and it is hoped that the village government will form a task force that acts to eradicate cases of election fraud.

Political behavior of voters is one of the issues that is always interesting to discuss by both experts and political practitioners. Political behavior determines whether or not a legislative candidate is elected in the election, and also determines the victory of a political party. One of the voter groups with a very large number is millennial voters. Millennial voters are generation Y or the middle group of generation X and generation Z voters who have different political behavior from other groups. This study was conducted to describe and analyze the political behavior of millennial voters in Lowokwaru District, Malang City in the 2024 election. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Meanwhile, data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with many millennial voters from various educational backgrounds, jobs, and places of residence. The theory used to analyze this study is the theory of political behavior proposed by (Harrop & Miller 1987). According to both of them, the political behavior of voters is shaped by three factors; sociological, economic, and political factors. This study describes the existence of sociological, economic, and political factors in the behavior of millennial voters in Lowokwaru District, Malang City in the 2024 election. However, this study also found that there are other factors that shape voter behavior, namely psychological factors and political communication, especially social media that shape the behavior of millennial voters. Empirically, this study contributes to election implementation policies, especially for political parties and the General Election Commission, millennial voters can have their political behavior shaped based on the five things above. Theoretically, this study corrects the theory of political behavior of Harrop & Miller 1987 voters which states that there are only three factors that shape voter behavior, namely social, economic and political. Meanwhile, for millennial voters in Lowokwaru, Malang City, there are also other factors that shape the political behavior of voters, namely psychological factors such as the attitudes and actions of legislative candidates, and political communication carried out, especially on social media.

This research aims to find out determine the effect of candidates and social ties on the behavior of novice voters in the 2019 legislative elections in kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. The background of the research is how the behavior of the novice voters sees from candidat image and the social ties that exist in their environment, Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. This type of the research is quantitative research. The independent variable of this research are candidates and social ties, and dependent variable is novice voters behavior. The population of the research were the novice voter in Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang consists of three Kenagarian, Kenagarian Gadut, Kenagarian Koto Tangah, and Kenagarian Kapau. Sampling is by using the slovin formula and the sampling technique in this research is proporsional stratified random sampling. The sampling in the research totaled 96 novice voter in Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang. Data collection in this study use a questionnaire with a Likert scale. After that, the classical assumption test consist of normality test, linearity test, heteroscesdasticity test, multicoloniality test, and autocorrection test. Futhermor, a analysis multiples linear regression. The result showed that there was a significant the effect of candidates and social ties on the behavior of novice voter in the 2019 legislative elections in Kecamatan Tilatang Kamang.

This investigation identifies demographic, media, and social correlates of verbally aggressive communication in adolescence. Mail surveys were completed and returned by 2,300 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15. These adolescents were asked about the prevalence of verbal and physical aggression, the context in which it occurred, demographics, and the interpersonal and media influences in their lives. The results indicate that verbal aggression is widespread, that committing and experiencing verbal aggression is largely reciprocal, that there is a strong relationship between committing verbal and physical aggression, and that peer social influence and listening to violently oriented music are mildly related to verbal aggression in adolescents. These findings suggest more resources should be allocated to teaching adolescents to understand and control verbal aggression. Further, they provide important answers to many prevention and intervention programmatic questions, including context, content, and targeting concerns. Since the negative consequences of verbal aggression are severe and long lasting, decreasing this destructive communication behavior should significantly improve the lives of many adolescents. These and other practical implications are expanded upon and discussed.