Positioning generative AI within human rights education: a scalable framework for inclusive disaster risk reduction and youth empowerment

PurposeThe Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction (DRR) 2015–2030 offers guidelines to reduce disaster losses and further delivers a wake-up call to be conscious of disasters. Its four priorities hinge on science, technology and innovations as critical elements necessary to support the understanding of disasters and the alternatives to countermeasures. However, the changing dynamics of current and new risks highlight the need for existing approaches to keep pace with these changes. This is further relevant as the timeline for the framework enters its mid-point since its inception. Hence, this study reflects on the aspirations of the Sendai framework for DRR through a review of activities conducted in the past years under science, technology and innovations.Design/methodology/approachMultidimensional secondary datasets are collected and reviewed to give a general insight into the DRR activities of governments and other related agencies over the past years with case examples. The results are then discussed in the context of new global risks and technological advancement.FindingsIt becomes evident that GIS and remote sensing embedded technologies are spearheading innovations for DRR across many countries. However, the severity of the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated innovations that use artificial intelligence-based technologies in diverse ways and has thus become important to risk management. These notwithstanding, the incorporation of science, technology and innovations in DRR faces many challenges. To mitigate some of the challenges, the study proposes reforms to the scope and application of science and technology for DRR, as well as suggests a new framework for risk reduction that harnesses stakeholder collaborations and resource mobilizations.Research limitations/implicationsThe approach and proposals made in this study are made in reference to known workable processes and procedures with proven successes. However, contextual differences may affect the suggested approaches.Originality/valueThe study provides alternatives to risk reduction approaches that hinge on practically tested procedures that harness inclusivity attributes deemed significant to the Sendai framework for DRR 2015–2030.

At the first gathering of its kind on the role of science in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, over 750 scientists, policymakers, business people, and practitioners met in Geneva from January 27–29, 2016. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 featured experts from some of the world’s most disaster-prone countries. The conference brought together a diversity of science and technology community from all geographical regions, international partners and scientific disciplines, and a wide variety of other stakeholders including policymakers and nongovernmental organizations to discuss the barriers and opportunities to reducing disaster risk and loss in the coming 15 years. Attendees contributed to a lively and dynamic debate, including on social media using the hashtag #science4sendai and reporting blogs from many of the organizations represented. The Sendai Framework (UNISDR 2015a), agreed at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan in March 2016, was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 3 June 2015. It places unprecedented emphasis on the role of science and technology in disaster risk reduction and calls for a strengthening of networks, platforms, and research institutions, a refocus on research into disaster risk patterns, and examining causes and effects. Its goal is to ‘‘prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political and institutional measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience’’ (UNISDR 2015a, Paragraph 17). The organizing committee of the conference, which included members of the UNISDR’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Group (STAG), brought the wide range of stakeholders together to launch the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership and the UNISDR Science and Technology Road Map to 2030 (UNISDR 2015b). The Road Map presents the expected outcomes under each of the four priorities for action outlined in the Sendai Framework, and proposes key actions that the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership can undertake to fulfil the expected outcomes and to achieve the goal of the Sendai Framework. It also highlights ways for monitoring progress and reviewing needs. Both the Road Map and the Partnership were supported by the conference participants as promising ways forward to 2030. The conference discussions were arranged into four work streams that looked at opportunities to work & Virginia Murray virginia.murray@phe.gov.uk

The first international conference for the post-2015 United Nations landmark agreements (Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, Sustainable Development Goals, and Paris Agreement on Climate Change) was held in January 2016 to discuss the role of science and technology in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 aimed to discuss and endorse plans that maximize science’s contribution to reducing disaster risks and losses in the coming 15 years and bring together the diversity of stakeholders producing and using disaster risk reduction (DRR) science and technology. This article describes the evolution of the role of science and technology in the policy process building up to the Sendai Framework adoption that resulted in an unprecedented emphasis on science in the text agreed on by 187 United Nations member states in March 2015 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in June 2015. Contributions assembled by the Conference Organizing Committee and teams including the conference concept notes and the conference discussions that involved a broad range of scientists and decision makers are summarized in this article. The conference emphasized how partnerships and networks can advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice; how disaster risk is understood, and how risks are assessed and early warning systems are designed; what data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction; what research and capacity gaps exist and how difficulties in creating and using science for effective DRR can be overcome. The Science and Technology Conference achieved two main outcomes: (1) initiating the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership for the implementation of the Sendai Framework; and (2) generating discussion and agreement regarding the content and endorsement process of the UNISDR Science and Technology Road Map to 2030.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 30 (SFDRR) was adopted by United Nations as a global framework for disaster risk reduction and was signed by member countries. It was adopted as a successor of earlier existing Hyogo Framework for Action 2005- 2015 to advance a common Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) policy worldwide. In spite of agreement, on the importance of the SFDRR 2015-30, its low implementation at the local level remains a matter of concern. For a developing country like India, SFDRR is of much importance due to a large population vulnerable to all types of disasters. This study examined the extent to which Indian Railways (IR) being the national transporter of India and used by most of Indians, became able to synchronize and adopt SFDRR into its disaster management plan. The study discussed the present disaster management plan adopted by Indian Railways and attempted to identify gaps existing in adoption of the Sendai framework in its risk reduction activities. It is concluded that Indian Railway is able to adopt SFDRR priorities to reduce disaster risks in many of its operational activities except areas like railway construction activities where more actions are to be taken to reduce risk of disasters. The findings will be useful to disaster managers in railway sector as well as other institutions to effectively prepare/modify their disaster management plans so that countries can achieve the disaster risk reduction targets fixed in SFDRR.

This special issue focuses on “Build Back Better,” which is the key concept of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction provides United Nations member states and economies concrete actions to protect their economic development achievements from disaster risk. However, how “Build Back Better” can be measured and linked to disaster risk reduction remain unclear. Three papers here analyze the results of the “Life Recovery Survey Five Years After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake,” which was conducted in June of 2016. The first Life Recovery Survey was conducted four years after the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake to document the extent to which the disaster victims had been able to rebuild their lives. Subsequently, the survey was conducted every two years until ten years after the earthquake. The survey was also conducted in the areas affected by the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake and the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake. Five years after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, the present authors conducted a survey to document the actual situation of the disaster victims in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures, which were the hardest hit by the disaster. In addition, we analyzed the history of Nankai Trough earthquakes with the goal of preparing for the next Nankai Trough earthquake, which is predicted to occur in the near future. These results make it possible to identify issues and make recommendations on the kinds of systems that should be implemented. It is our hope that this special issue will provide basic data to elucidate these issues.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 2015-2030 is the first of three United Nations (UN) landmark agreements this year (the other two being the Sustainable Development Goals due in September 2015 and the climate change agreements due in December 2015). It represents a step in the direction of global policy coherence with explicit reference to health, economic development, and climate change. The multiple efforts of the health community in the policy development process, including campaigning for safe schools and hospitals, helped to put people's mental and physical health, resilience, and well-being higher up the DRR agenda compared with its predecessor, the 2005 Hyogo Framework for Action. This report reflects on these policy developments and their implications and reviews the range of health impacts from disasters; summarizes the widened remit of DRR in the post-2015 world; and finally, presents the science and health calls of the Sendai Framework to be implemented over the next 15 years to reduce disaster losses in lives and livelihoods.

An ongoing change in legislation means decision-makers in Aotearoa New Zealand need to incorporate 'mātauranga' (Māori knowledge/knowledge system) in central and local government legislation and strategy. This paper develops a 'te ao Māori' (Māori worldview) disaster risk reduction (DRR) framework for non-Māori decision-makers to guide them through this process. This 'interface framework' will function as a Rosetta Stone between the 'two worlds'. It intends to help central and local officials trained in Western knowledge-based disciplines by translating standard DRR concepts into a te ao Māori DRR framework. It draws on previous work examining Māori DRR thinking to create a novel framework that can help these stakeholders when they are converting higher-level theoretical insights from mātauranga Māori into more practical 'on the ground' applications. This type of interface is essential: while Indigenous knowledge's utility is increasingly recognised nationally and internationally, a gap remains between this acknowledgement and its practical and applied integration into emergency management legislation and strategy.

The contexts in which “safe” and “safety” are used in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction are clarified to inform the selection of necessary elements in establishing science for global safety in relation to disaster risk reduction. The present report shows that “safe” and “safety” are used in the contexts of health, legal systems, housing, more assured provision of means of livelihood, and important infrastructure. From the perspective of the continuity of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and preceding international policies, it is determined that the contexts of legal systems, health, and land usage are significant to establishing science for global safety.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 was adopted by United Nations (UN) member states on 18 March 2015, at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Japan. The Sendai Framework went on to be endorsed by the UN General Assembly in June 2015. The Sendai Framework is wide in scope. This paper uses many resources of already published material to enable the reader to access a more complete summary of the science and technology commitment to the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. In this paper on the role of science and technology engagement to provide evidence to inform policy and practice where possible, the author considered it important to emphasis the partnerships and learning she has been a part of and all significant statements that are included in this paper are in italicized quotes. The author is grateful for the many opportunities to engage at many levels with colleagues who also contributed so much to these opportunities for joint working and shared learning.

Two massive earthquakes that caused 8898 deaths, 22,309 injuries, and billions of dollars damage in Nepal ([ 1 ][1]) prompted substantial support from aid agencies, relief organizations, and volunteers for rescue and relief. Volunteers in scientific communities—affiliated with government, academic, and private research institutions, as well as individual researchers and citizen scientists around the world—provided free satellite imagery, helped map the damage, and analyzed the disaster data ([ 2 ][2]). Nepal has weak data infrastructure and limited scientific capacity. The efforts of science volunteers provided crucial data for rescuers and disaster responders, informed the public about the scale of the damage, and prevented further damage. Scientific volunteerism during crises has emerged spontaneously as the Internet, smartphones, and social media have fueled a feeling of shared responsibility. However, working sporadically in cyberspace might lead to duplication of tasks and an overload of information. Poorly equipped government authorities, as in Nepal, cannot easily find useful information in the gigantic pool of data. The services offered by science volunteers could even make a situation worse. ![Figure][3] Debris surrounds the temple of Seto Machindranath in Jana Bahal 3 months after the Nepal earthquake. PHOTO: RATNAYAKE/REX SHUTTERSTOCK/AP IMAGES Given that the trends of scientific volunteerism have been increasing globally during disasters, from Typhoon Haiyan in Philippines ([ 3 ][4]) to the recent earthquake in Nepal, a global action to systematize these efforts is necessary. Currently, this increasing global trend of volunteerism in scientific communities during natural disasters is not acknowledged in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030—a global framework for disaster risk reduction ([ 4 ][5]). We need a strategy to harness the efforts of scientific volunteers in future. To be better equipped for the next disaster, we should analyze the patterns of science volunteers, including their affiliations and the nature of their involvement; prepare government authorities, especially those in developing countries, to harness invaluable information provided by volunteer scientists; and create a global network of volunteer scientists that could contribute to a coordinated effort. 1. [↵][6]Government of Nepal, Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal ( ). 2. [↵][7]Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Nepal Earthquake—Geographic Community Response ( ). 3. [↵][8]1. D. Butler , Crowdsourcing goes mainstream in typhoon response, Nature 10.1038/nature.2013.14186 (2013). doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14186 [OpenUrl][9][CrossRef][10] 4. [↵][11]United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction ([www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa-post2015][12]). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: pending:yes [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [8]: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3 in text [9]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCrowdsourcing%2Bgoes%2Bmainstream%2Bin%2Btyphoon%2Bresponse%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnature.2013.14186%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [10]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nature.2013.14186&link_type=DOI [11]: #xref-ref-4-1 View reference 4 in text [12]: http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa-post2015

The Government of Bangladesh has been successful in reducing death rates from tropical cyclones. However, in recent years, landslides have been a significant hazard, especially in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. For example, the landslides of 2017 killed 110 people in Rangamati district. These deaths have raised an important question: whether district disaster risk governance at the local level is effective enough to mitigate the impact of landslide disasters? Based on literature review, nine good characteristics of disaster risk governance were selected (accountability, participation, collaboration, transparency, information sharing, shared decision making, communication, leadership and shared resources) to assess the effectiveness of district disaster risk governance for landslides underpinned by the disaster risk management cycle. These characteristics were assessed by interviewing 18 members of the Rangamati's District Disaster Management Committee. Policy documents were also reviewed to study the devolution of disaster risk governance urged by the Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The findings suggest that the four principles (viz. accountability, participation, collaboration, and leadership) function satisfactorily during the response, evacuation, rescue and relief phases compared to the other five principles. The findings also suggest that the national Disaster Management Regulatory Framework and the Disaster Management Institutions are conducive to promote local disaster risk governance. However, there are challenges with regard to collaboration within and between state and non-state actors. As such, context specific recommendations are provided to improve collaboration and effectiveness with implications for other disaster-prone districts in Bangladesh.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) is the global framework for disaster risk reduction adopted in 2015. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) is a decade-long research programme co-sponsored by the International Science Council and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). It is a global, multidisciplinary approach to dealing with the challenges brought by natural disasters, mitigating their impacts, and improving related policy-making mechanisms. This book presents the works of the IRDR Young Scientist Programme, showcasing works on characterization of hazard, vulnerability, and risk (Part 1), governance and management of disaster risks (Part 2), and emerging topics in DRR research such as post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, build-back-better approach, public health, role of young scientists, multi-stakeholder engagement, gender, and roles of indigenous knowledge (Part 3).KeywordsDisaster studiesHazardRisksVulnerabilityCapacity building

Currently, weather conditions and extreme weather are becoming more frequent and more intense. Along with climate change, the vulnerability of society and individual regions to the risk of various types of threats also increases. The objectives of “The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030”, are the first global political frameworks of the United Nations program designed for the period post-2015. The original priority objectives of the Framework are: Understanding disaster risk, strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The provisions contained in the document are an essential step towards building global political coherence with an apparent reference to health, development, and climate change. The article is briefly reporting current Disaster Risk Reduction related programs and policies in Poland, contributions as part of The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction implementation, and its challenges.

The UN Decade for Human Rights Education began in 1995, and since that time many nations have reported activities and programs in line with the decade (United Nations 1998; UNHCHR 2005). While 1995 was a pivotal year in the history of human rights education, the curricular movement neither began nor ended with the UN Decade. Human rights education has been developing for several decades, and efforts to introduce human rights into formal school curricula have included diverse and ongoing activities by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), and dedicated individuals throughout the world. Beyond advocating for human rights education in schools, the actors involved in promoting human rights education also have been involved in creating and developing a curricular movement. This article builds on previous comparative education research by analyzing the current discourse surrounding this emerging education model— human rights education. The first section provides a brief history of human rights education in formal education. The second section reviews research on international reforms, emphasizing analyses of processes in global diffusion and variation at national or local levels. Closely related, the third section discusses linkages and relational and associational processes that spread ideas and construct new models such as human rights education. The fourth section focuses on the current state of human rights education, ex-

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