Abstract
ABSTRACT The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an analytical technique for determination of elemental composition of different materials. In soils, the XRF has many pedological, environmental and agronomic applications, mainly after the emergence of portable equipments (pXRF). This technique has been recently adopted and successfully used for soil characterization worldwide, but very rare works have been carried out in soils of developing countries. The soil characterization includes the complete elemental composition determination (nutrients, trace and rare-earth elements) and allows estimating some soil physical and chemical properties. In Brazil, this technique is still incipient, mainly the use of pXRF, however, it can greatly contribute to soil characterization in-field or in-lab conditions and also replacing methods of soil analyses considered non-environmentally friendly. This review summarizes the XRF technique including principles and the main applications of pXRF in soils highlighting its potential for tropical Soil Science.
Highlights
In Soil Science the analyses of soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties are characterized by using a great amount of chemical reagents, being time-consuming, costly and, in most of cases, non-environmentally friendly methods since they generate chemical residues
Technological advances enabled the emergence of portable equipment of X-ray fluorescence, which has been showed to be a precise, accurate, low cost, rapid, non-destructive and environmentally friendly method to determine elemental composition of soils and other materials (Radu; Diamond, 2009; Zhu; Weindorf; Zhang, 2011; Bastos; Melquiades; Biasi, 2012; Weindorf et al, 2012a; Weindorf et al, 2012b Weindorf et al, 2014a; Weindorf et al, 2014b; Stockmann et al, 2016a, 2016b)
This review summarizes portable equipment of X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technique including principles and some pedological, agronomical and environmental applications, highlighting the opportunities for tropical soils characterization
Summary
In Soil Science the analyses of soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties are characterized by using a great amount of chemical reagents, being time-consuming, costly and, in most of cases, non-environmentally friendly methods since they generate chemical residues. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a technique capable of identifying and quantifying elemental composition of several solid materials with the use of X-rays, allowing for a chemical characterization of the analyzed material and correlation with other properties (Gazley; Fisher, 2014; Weindorf et al, 2014a). Technological advances enabled the emergence of portable equipment of X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), which has been showed to be a precise, accurate, low cost, rapid, non-destructive and environmentally friendly method to determine elemental composition of soils and other. Wastowski et al (2010), assessed the soil elemental composition using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) This technique was sensible to detect the effect of different land use and management. Some ways to use the pXRF equipments and applications in Soil Science are described below
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