Porous gelatin–siloxane hybrid scaffolds with biomimetic structure and properties for bone tissue regeneration

Abstract

We produced highly porous gelatin-siloxane (GLA-S) hybrid scaffolds with biomimetic anisotropic porous structure, physiochemical properties, mechanical behaviors and biological functions by treating gelatin-siloxane hybrid gels in an ammonium hydroxide solution. The siloxane used as an inorganic phase could effectively crosslink the gelatin polymer, which allowed for the unidirectional enlargement of ammonia vacuoles during ammonium hydroxide treatment. This created aligned pores in an axial direction when the siloxane contents (10 and 20 wt %) were high. In addition, the gelatin polymer could be uniformly hybridized with the siloxane phase at the molecular level, while intense interaction between these two phases could be achieved. This resulted in a significant increase in mechanical properties. The GLA-S hybrid scaffold with a siloxane content of 10 wt % showed reasonably high compressive yield strength of 4.2 ± 0.1 MPa and compressive modulus of 84 ± 5 MPa at a porosity of 86 vol %, which would be comparable to those of natural cancellous bone. In addition, the GLA-S hybrid scaffold had good biocompatibility assessed by in vitro cell tests using pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells.