Abstract
Glossina palpalis palpalis remains the major vector of sleeping sickness in Côte d'Ivoire. The disease is still active at low endemic levels in Bonon and Sinfra foci in the western-central part of the country. In this study, we investigated the impact of a control campaign on G. p. palpalis population structure in Bonon and Sinfra foci in order to adapt control strategies. Genetic variation at microsatellite loci was used to examine the population structure of different G. p. palpalis cohorts before and after control campaigns. Isolation by distance was observed in our sampling sites. Before control, effective population size was high (239 individuals) with dispersal at rather short distance (731 m per generation). We found some evidence that some of the flies captured after treatment come from surrounding sites, which increased the genetic variance. One Locus, GPCAG, displayed a 1000% increase of subdivision measure after control while other loci only exhibited a substantial increase in variance of subdivision. Our data suggested a possible trap avoidance behaviour in G. p. palpalis. It is important to take into account and better understand the possible reinvasion from neighboring sites and trap avoidance for the sake of sustainability of control campaigns effects.
Highlights
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a centuries-old disease that has affected the lifestyle of people in sub-Saharan Africa (Steverding, 2008)
There was only one pair of loci in significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) (p-value=0.0406) that did not stay significant with Benjamini and Yekutieli correction (p-value=1)
We safely concluded that all markers are statistically independent
Summary
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a centuries-old disease that has affected the lifestyle of people in sub-Saharan Africa (Steverding, 2008). Many tsetse control efforts were not sustainable due to either flies surviving the initial interventions, or flies immigrating from untreated regions, or both (Hargrove, 2003; Adam et al, 2014; De Meeûs et al, 2019), except when control itself is sustained (Simo and Rayaisse, 2015; Meyer et al, 2016) This lead to the fact that in 2015, animal trypanosomiasis was still an important issue in West and Central Africa (Simo and Rayaisse, 2015). These population parameters are important for medical entomologists as they may have consequences on the epidemiology and control of vector borne diseases (De Meeûs et al, 2007; Solano et al., 2010b; Chevillon et al, 2012; Krafsur and Maudlin, 2018; De Meeûs et al, 2019; Manangwa et al, 2019a)
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