Population genetic of the Indonesian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) from Java and West Nusa Tenggara revealed using sequence-related amplified polymorphism

This study aims to analyze the effect of local own revenue, balance funds and area size on capital expenditure with economic growth as a moderating factor for district / city governments in Central and East Java Provinces. The population in this study are all districts / cities in Central Java and East Java Province. This research uses census method. The secondary data used in this study is in the form of 2015-2017 APBD realization reports obtained from the Director General of Fiscal Balance of the Regional Government, while data on economic growth and area size were obtained from BPS of Central and East Java Provinces. The analysis technique uses structural equation models with Partial Least Square. The results showed that regional original income and balance funds had a significant positive effect on capital expenditure in Central and East Java. The area size has a positive and significant effect on capital expenditure for Central Java but not for East Java. Economic growth moderates the effect of regional income on capital expenditure. Economic growth moderates balance funds towards capital expenditure for Central Java but not for East Java. Overall there is no difference in capital expenditure across districts / cities in the two provinces

Regional economic disparities between Lombok Island and Sumbawa Island remain a major development challenge in West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB), particularly in terms of uneven sectoral growth and regional economic concentration. This study analyzes the economic structure and identifies leading sectors in NTB during the 2020–2024 period using the Klassen Typology and Location Quotient (LQ) methods. The analysis employs secondary data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) at constant 2010 prices published by the Central Statistics Agency, supported by relevant literature. Economic sectors are classified based on their growth rates and contributions to GRDP to distinguish advanced and fast-growing sectors, potential sectors, and relatively underdeveloped sectors. The findings indicate that regions on Lombok Island—especially Mataram City and West Lombok Regency—are dominated by advanced and fast-growing sectors, primarily modern services such as trade, transportation, accommodation and food services, finance, education, and health. In contrast, Sumbawa Island is characterized by a concentration in agriculture, fisheries, mining, and basic services, which largely fall into the potential or relatively underdeveloped categories. LQ analysis further confirms that Lombok Island’s economic base is driven by trade, tourism, real estate, and educational services, while Sumbawa Island relies more heavily on agriculture, construction, and mining sectors. These findings demonstrate persistent regional economic disparities in NTB and highlight the need for region-specific development policies. The future development strategy is directed at strengthening the base sector in each region, diversifying the economy, and strengthening connectivity between regions to create inclusive and equitable growth.

Indonesia as an agricultural country has abundant biomass potential, especially wood waste in Java. The prospect of co-firing is considered ideal to overcome the problem of coal use in boilers. This is also in line with supporting the Indonesian government program in increasing the use of renewable energy. Samples of coal co-firing with wood waste from Central Java and East Java were selected for this study. Furthermore, blending between coal and wood biomass from Central and East Java with a composition ratio of (25%:75%) and (50%:50%). Furthermore, it is predicted based on the risk tendency of slagging and fouling. The risk of slagging, fouling, abrasion, and corrosion with theoretical index. In general, increasing the composition of coal blending with hardwood increases the tendency of slagging and fouling. However, blending coal with hardwood from Central Java at a mixture of (25%:75%) can be recommended because it has a low risk of slagging and fouling.

Background and Aim:A previous study divided Indonesian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 into subgenotypes BVDV-1a to BVDV-1d based on the partial NS5B gene using strain Bega as reference for BVDV-1a. In fact, it is clustered into BVDV-1c with strain Bega-like Australia. BVDV genotyping has been done on isolates from Jakarta, West and Central Java, but East Java isolates have not been genotyped. This study aimed to analyze genetic variability and amino acid residues in the nucleotide-binding pocket of the NS5B gene from infected cattle.Materials and Methods:Samples were obtained from the Sera Bank originating from active and passive surveillance of cattle that had been tested for BVDV antigen from 2013 to 2017. Detection of the p80 antibody and BVDV genotyping was carried out using ELISA and nested-multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. We defined 15 nested PCR products for partial sequencing of NS5B. Those field samples were selected from each location and year using proportional calculation as a representative sample. Homological and phylogenetic analyses of the partial NS5B gene were performed using BLAST and MEGA version 6.Results:Based on the phylogenetic tree analysis using 360 nucleotides as the partial NS5B gene, Indonesian BVDV-1 isolates from Central and East Java were subdivided to BVDV-1a (n=9), BVDV-1b (n=1), and BVDV-1c (n=5). In the present study, the homology of BVDV subgenotype -1a, -1b, and -1c was compared to the BVDV GenBank data and found 90-93%, 93%, and 92-95% respectively with the average pairwise distance of 0.207. A point mutation was shown at R283K of all BVDV isolates based on the sequence of three amino acid residues R283, R285, and I287 in the nucleotide-binding pocket as a part of the encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.Conclusion:This study revealed the genetic variability of BVDV infecting cattle in Central Java and East Java, Indonesia, the subtypes BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-1c, and a point mutation at the R283K residue.

Decentralization has repercussions for the area in a variety of areas, including political, social, cultural, financial, defense and security, and public services, among others. Sumbawa Island and Lombok Island are the two principal islands that make up West Nusa Tenggara. There are 280 islands in all, 32 of which are inhabited. Sumbawa Island is one-third the size of Lombok Island in terms of area, but Lombok Island has a population that is about three times that of Sumbawa Island. This study contends that because the archipelagic region is not organized by its island-specific traits but rather around land-based development, this has the potential to exacerbate discrepancies between islands. This study found that, there are only minimal maritime authorities in the archipelagic province in managing archipelagic water, and there is fiscal and ethnic disparity between the Lombok and Sumbawa Islands. Moreover, there are inequalities in health care facilities and medical staff between Lombok and Sumbawa Island, the small population of Sumbawa Island has an impact on educational resources, and the maritime infrastructure on the other small islands surrounding Sumbawa Island is inadequate.

Carcass and meat production of local male ducks can be used as indicators to assess carcass quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of carcasses, meat production and offal of male local ducks in traditional markets on the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa based on the Indonesian National Standard. The research material used 64 male local ducks aged 55-60 days with details of 36 coming from chicken slaughterhouses in Mataram City, 12 ducks from chicken slaughterhouses in West Lombok Regency, and 16 ducks from chicken slaughterhouses in Sumbawa Regency. Sampling of local male ducks from each sub-district was by using random sampling. The research data consisted of live weight, carcass weight, meat weight, carcass percentage, and offal percentage were analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program and SPSS version 16 software program regression correlation analysis. Data analysis showed that local male ducks slaughtered in traditional markets on the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa produced duck carcasses belonging to quality I as much as 51.16 ± 10.68% of the total sample, quality II as much as 37.71 ± 15.28% and quality III of 17.13 ± 6.85%. Pure local male duck meat products circulating in traditional markets on the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa are 43.96% and 44.82% respectively. Conclusion: Carcass quality and meat production of local male ducks in the traditional markets of the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa have met the Indonesian National Standard, namely live weight of 1,290 g, carcass percentage of 60.33%, and pure meat production of 44.25%.
 

Financial performance is a description of the economic results that regional governments are able to achieve at a certain time through regional government economic activities. Local Own-source Revenue (PAD) is one of the financial sources owned by the district. Income comes from various components such as district taxes, district levies, Government Owned Business Entities profits and other income. East Java's PAD in 2022 increase drastically and is in the top five provinces with the highest revenues. This research aims to compare the financial performance of Local Government Budget (APBD) in East Java and Central Java Provincial Governments. This research method is quantitative descriptive using the calculation of five ratios: Independence Ratio, Fiscal Decentralization Ratio, Effectiveness Ratio, Efficiency Ratio and Expenditure Ratio. The data used in this research is secondary data from the East Java and Central Java Province APBD financial reports for the 2018-2022 budget year. The results of this research are based on the Financial Capability Index (FCI) data analysis technique, shows that Central Java region is more capable of financing its regional activities. It shows that Central Java’ FCI is classified as high and East Java is classified as medium performance.

This study aims to determine the effect of local revenue (PAD) and the General Allocation Fund (DAU) to the Expenditures of Regional as well as the possibility of flypaper effect on the country/city in East Java, Central Java and West Java the period 2011-2013. The method used in thus research is quantitative method. The population used is the district/city in East Java, Central and West Java. Sampling using purposive sampling and sample in this research is 100 district/cities with details of East Java Province 38 District/city, West Java 35 district/city and West Java 27 district/city.The data used in this research is secondary data which the data obtained from reports of Regional Budget obtained via the website Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Directorate General of Regional Financial Balance. The analysis in this research is using descriptive analysis, classical assumption test and multiple linear regression. Result from this research that indicates that the local revenue (PAD) affects regional expenditure as well as with the General Allocation Fund (DAU) also affects regional expenditure and occurred flypaper effect on the country/city in East Java,Central Java and West Java periods 2011-2013.

The glocalization of foreign cultures in Indonesia includes one of them is in the culinary field. From different regions the names of foods originating from foreign countries are modified based on the ease of pronunciation, shape, type and texture of the food. The purpose of this study is to analyze and uncover by analyzing culinary names in Central Java and East Java that have etymology. This type of research is literature, namely by using literature from the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Daring V and Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Based on the results of the study, culinary names in Central Java and East Java have differences from the origin of words, the use of spices, cooking methods and taste preferences of people in the two provinces.

This article will begin with a brief look at the origins of Mañjuśrī from south Nepal, his popularity in China and the many depictions of him in eastern India and Java. More importantly, it will re-interpret a selected group of the Boddhisattva Mañjuśri in the human form with one head and two arms. The statues produced in both bronze, silver and stone, all with similar attributes identifying him as Mañjuśrī. The theoretical framework follows the various representation of Mañjuśrī statues from eastern India to a Kumārabhūta form only in Central Java and a single form of Arapacana in East Java. Within this framework, it will evaluate the stylistic features, attributes and the sartorial style of statues from both regions of Java, with details not previously discussed by past scholars, particularly looking at the textile patterns found on several of the statues.When the Mañjuśrī statues appeared in Central Java, various forms of the youthful Kumārabhūta or royal prince emerged, where he appeared to be particularly popular. Despite past knowledge of these statues, this paper allows for a new research direction and highlights the change in Mañjuśrī styles from Central to East Java. Similarly, various forms of Mañjuśrī Arapacana from eastern India transpire in East Java with this one unique statue of Arapacana from Caṇḍi Jago.

Organic fertilizers are presently being recommended for use on wetland rice, as a supplement to inorganic fertilizers. A survey on the availability of materials and preparedness of farmers to utilize organic fertilizers was carried out in 2010 in 10 regencies within three provinces in Java, namely four regencies in West Java, three in Central Java, and four in East Java. The survey was carried out using a structured questioner involving 63 farmer-groups as respondents. Correlation analyses were done among 15 variables, and t-test was applied for paireddata obtained from the dry and wet seasons. Majority of the farmers were empirically familiar on the advantage of using organic fertilizer. However, their knowledges on its benefit were limited to the immediate results, such as on increase of grain yield, better grain quality, and more vigorous crop growth. The number of farmers familiar with the composting technique was in lower proportion than those of the unfamiliar ones. Not all farmers familiar with the composting technique however, were actually practicing their knowledge, only about 25% in West Java, 15% in Central Java, and 35% in East Java. The amount of organic fertilizer applied by farmers was generally far less than that of the recommended, only 0.41 t/ha in West Java, 0.39 t/ha in Central Java, and 1.2 t/ha in East Java. Rice straw from the wet season harvest was either burned (30% in West Java, 38% in Central Java, and 15% in East Java), used for feed (10% in West Java, 22% in Central Java, and 46% in East Java), or returned to the soil (60% in West Java, 40% in Central Java, and 39% in East Java). Those figures were somewhat similar with those on the dry season. The use of organic fertilizer was hampered partly by the lack of knowledge on long-term benefit, and due to the unavailability of manure. The number of livestock owned by farmer, the farmer’s practice of making compost, and the availability of manure in each household, each was significantly correlated to the amount of organic matter applied by farmers. Presently, farmers seem to be not yet ready to use organic fertilizer as a supplement for inorganic fertilizer. Integration of rice crop-livestock farming is suggested to be campaigned and facilitated by the Government, in order that the farmers are able to apply the organic fertilizer. This requires that farmers to be assisted for possessing livestock, through a credit-scheme program.

BackgroundWhile malaria incidence in Indonesia has decreased threefold in the last decade, more than 200,000 cases were reported in 2016. Different endemicity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among several islands in Indonesia has been recognized and two unique mutations of P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) affecting sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) resistance were detected from the research of SP efficiency and genotype analysis in South Kalimantan. In this study, geographical distribution and origin of these pfdhps K540T and I588F mutations were analysed.MethodsMalaria parasites DNA from several endemic areas in Indonesia; Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor, Sulawesi, and Papua islands; in two periods, 2004–2006 and 2009–2012 were subjected for pfdhfr and pfdhps sequence analysis.ResultsDifferent genotype polymorphisms of pfdhfr and pfdhps were observed in the parasites from various regions in Indonesia and relatively more divergent genotypes were determined from Kalimantan isolates in both 2004–2006 and 2009–2012. The parasites containing K540T mutation were identified in 2004–2006 isolates from East Kalimantan, East Java and Sumbawa as an SGTGA haplotype. The other I588F mutation was also determined in 2004–2006 parasites, isolated from Lombok and Sumbawa islands as an SGEAA(588F) haplotype. The parasites with pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple or sextuple mutation, a genotype marker of SP resistance, were determined mostly in Kalimantan in both 2004–2006 and 2009–2012.ConclusionAnalysis of the prevalence and pfdhfr/pfdhps combined genotypes of K540T or I588F mutations suggested that K540T might be origin in Kalimantan Island and I588F in Sumbawa Island and then these were spread to other areas along with people movement. This research indicates regular monitoring of drug efficacy and parasite genotype analysis is important to keep efficiency and prevent the spread of resistance. It is also essential for the latest anti-malarial drug artemisinin-based combination therapy.

Dalam penelitian terdahulu, temuan arca-arca pendeta Buddha di Jawa Timur selalu diidentifikasi sebagai perwujudan Raja Kṛtanāgara . Namun, ternyata arca serupa juga terdapat di Jawa Tengah dan berasal dari masa lebih awal, sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah arca serupa juga dapat dikaitkan dengan tokoh tertentu? Tulisan ini mendiskusikan permasalahan tersebut dengan melakukan kajian kembali terhadap sejumlah arca pendeta Buddha baik di Jawa Tengah maupun di Jawa Timur. Kajian dilakukan dengan pendekatan ikonografi dan ikonologi. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa tokoh pendeta Buddha diarcakan mirip dengan tokoh Tathāgata atau Buddha, tetapi tanpa atribut khas Tathagatha yaitu ūrṇā, uṣṇīṣa, rambut ikal, serta padmāsana. Penggambaran ini dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan sifat kemanusiaannya. Selain itu, apabila di Jawa Timur arca pendeta Buddha dapat dikaitkan dengan tokoh Kṛtanāgara , arca pendeta Buddha di Jawa Tengah hanya dapat ditafsirkan secara umum sebagai perwujudan pendeta Buddha tertinggi, guru, atau arhat, dan belum dapat diidentifikasikan dengan tokoh sejarah tertentu.
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 In previous research statues of Buddhist priests found in East Java are interpreted as the embodiment of King Kṛtanāgara . In fact, similar statues are also discovered in Central Java from an earlier period. This raises the question whether these statues can indeed be associated with certain historical figures? This article addresses this issue by conducting a review of several statues of Buddhist priests in Central and East Java using an iconographic and iconological approach. The study showed that a Buddhist priest would be sculpted in a form similar to the Tathāgata or Buddha figure, but without his distinctive attributes, namely ūrṇā, uṣṇīṣa, curly hair and padmāsana. This depiction is meant to show his human nature. If in East Java statues of Buddhist priests can be associated with Kṛtanāgara , then similar statues in Central Java can only be interpreted in general as the embodiment of the highest Buddhist priest, guru or arhat.

The genetic diversity of the wide and cultured Haliotis asinina populations was tested by RAPD technique. A total of 55 DNA bands were amplified by 12 effective primers in the wild and cultured H. asinina populations, and an average of 4.58 DNA bands were amplified by each primer. Our results suggested that the genetic diversity of H. asinina was high. The effective number of alleles, the percentage of polymorphic loci, Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index of the wild population was 1.5016, 78.18%, 0.2808 and 0.4132, respectively. And the effective number of alleles, the percentage of polymorphic loci, Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index of the cultured population was 1.4753, 72.73%, 0.2726 and 0.4025, respectively. The genetic diversity of the cultured population was lower than that of the wild population.

Surface reactivity of Andisols on volcanic ash along the Sunda arc crossing Java Island, Indonesia