Abstract
Context: Propolis has promising biological activities. Propolis samples from the Northeast of Bahia, Brazil – sample A from Ribeira do Pombal and B, from Tucano – were investigated, with new information regarding their biological activities.Objective: This paper describes the chemical profile, antioxidant, anti-glycation and cytotoxic activities of these propolis samples.Material and methods: Ethanol extracts of these propolis samples (EEP) and their fractions were analyzed to determine total phenolic content (TPC); antioxidant capacity through DPPH•, FRAP and lipid peroxidation; anti-glycation activity, by an in vitro glucose (10 mg/mL) bovine serum albumine (1 mg/mL) assay, during 7 d; cytotoxic activity on cancer (SF295, HCT-116, OVCAR-8, MDA-MB435, MX-1, MCF7, HL60, JURKAT, MOLT-4, K562, PC3, DU145) and normal cell lines (V79) at 0.04–25 μg/mL concentrations, for 72 h. The determination of primary phenols by ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and volatile organic compounds content by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were also performed.Results: The EEP polar fractions exhibited up to 90% protection against lipid peroxidation. The IC50 value for anti-glycation activity of EEP was between 16.5 and 19.2 μg/mL, close to aminoguanidine (IC50 = 7.7 μg/mL). The use of UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS allowed the identification of 12 bioactive phenols in the EEP and 24 volatile compounds, all already reported.Conclusions: The samples present good antioxidant/anti-glycation/cytotoxic activities and a plethora of biologically active compounds. These results suggest a potential role of propolis in targeting ageing and diseases associated with oxidative and carbonylic stress, aggregating value to them.
Highlights
Propolis is a natural gummy and balsamic resin, obtained from resinous substances, collected by honey bees from flowers, buds and plant exudates
Folin–Ciocalteau (FC) reagent, ethanol, methanol, 2,20-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), apigenin, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, formononetin, luteolin, quercetin, rutin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and TroloxVR were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and used as received
When the extracts of these propolis samples (EEP) were subjected to liquid–liquid fractionation with hexane, chloroform and methanol, three fractions were obtained: hexane fraction (Hex-fr), chloroform fraction (Chlo-fr) and hydromethanol fraction (HMet-fr) with yields calculated from the crude weight of EEP (Table 1)
Summary
Propolis is a natural gummy and balsamic resin, obtained from resinous substances, collected by honey bees from flowers, buds and plant exudates. It has been attracting scientific attention due to its biological and pharmacological properties, which are related to its chemical composition (Silva-Carvalho et al 2015). It varies according to the botanical origin of the resinous substances, season of the year and environmental conditions at the site of collection. For these reasons, there are many different types of propolis, with considerable chemical diversity (Huang et al 2014). The standardization of propolis with respect to its chemical composition is difficult (Silva-Carvalho et al 2015), but it is urgently required.
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