Abstract
Every year, millions of people in the world get bone diseases and need orthopedic surgery as one of the most important treatments. Owing to their superior properties, such as acceptable biocompatibility and providing great primary bone fixation with the implant, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cements (BCs) are among the essential materials as fixation implants in different orthopedic and trauma surgeries. On the other hand, these BCs have some disadvantages, including Lack of bone formation and bioactivity, and low mechanical properties, which can lead to bone cement (BC) failure. Hence, plenty of studies have been concentrating on eliminating BC failures by using different kinds of ceramics and polymers for reinforcement and also by producing composite materials. This review article aims to evaluate mechanical properties, self-setting characteristics, biocompatibility, and bioactivity of the PMMA-based BCs composites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon-based compounds. In the present study, we compared the effects of CNTs and GO as reinforcement agents in the PMMA-based BCs. Upcoming study on the PMMA-based BCs should concentrate on trialing combinations of these carbon-based reinforcing agents as this might improve beneficial characteristics.
Highlights
Diseases like osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis can degenerate the joint.Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease that can lead to the breakdown of the cartilage in the joints [1,2], is known as the most typical reason to have a hip or knee replaced as shown in Figure 1 [2].Polymers 2020, 12, 1469; doi:10.3390/polym12071469 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPolymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEWTotal joint replacement
The results demonstrated that MG-63 osteoblastic cells appropriately acted and proliferated on the surfaces of all multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cements (BCs) compositions analyzed during the 7-day time period
The results demonstrated that incorporating 25 wt % of CS/graphene oxide (GO) powder into the PMMA-based BCs leads to the enhancement of the compressive modulus around 69.1% and the compressive strength by about 16.2%
Summary
Osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis can degenerate the joint.Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease that can lead to the breakdown of the cartilage in the joints [1,2], is known as the most typical reason to have a hip or knee replaced as shown in Figure 1 [2].Polymers 2020, 12, 1469; doi:10.3390/polym12071469 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPolymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEWTotal joint replacement. Osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis can degenerate the joint. Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease that can lead to the breakdown of the cartilage in the joints [1,2], is known as the most typical reason to have a hip or knee replaced as shown in Figure 1 [2]. Polymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
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