Abstract
Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified “environmentally friendly” polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
Highlights
Owing to their potential usefulness in personal healthcare and disease diagnosis, medical biosensors widely attract the attention of the research community [1,2]
The so-called “environmentally friendly” plastics fall into three types: bioplastics made from natural materials such as corn starch, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals, which are engineered to break down more quickly and eco/recycled plastics, which are plastics made from recycled plastic materials rather than raw petrochemicals
We wish to express our concluding thoughts and the outline future tasks for the different topics discussed in the present review, including various aspects related with the modification, application, sensor integration or the performance of polymers employed as electrochemical biosensors
Summary
Owing to their potential usefulness in personal healthcare and disease diagnosis, medical biosensors widely attract the attention of the research community [1,2]. One of the most important class is represented by the enzyme-based, amperometric, electrochemical biosensing able to highly selective and sensitive response in a complex environment [12] These chemical sensors are called biosensors because enzymes with their very specific interaction with a substrate are immobilized as biological recognition elements onto electrodes. The most important parameters for sensing performance are sensitivity, response/recovery time and reversibility/reproducibility of response, which are strongly dependent on the chemical structure and size of the polymers From both an engineering point of view and a sensor development point of view, we consider that is very useful to make a review related to the emerging field of biomedical sensors based on electrochemical detection and produced by using polymeric material subjected to surface and structural modification. 1) polypyrrole (PPy), poly(aniline blue) (PAB), polyaniline (PAni), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polylactic acid, Chitosan(CS), (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(N-cyanoethylpyrrole) (PNCPy), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET); 2) EC technique (electrochemical technique used): cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV); 3) Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), graphene (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), glutaraldehyde (GA), single strand deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA), carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNTs), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and glucose oxidase (GOx); 4) Not reported (N.R.)
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