Polymer/graphene nanocomposite for corrosion protection application: From design to technical trends

Anchorage of the femoral head prosthesis to the shaft of the femur.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) is an important acrylic thermoplastic polymer. Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a transparent and rigid synthetic plastic. There has been growing interest in developing high performance poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanocomposites. This article reviews a few important poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanocomposites and composites. An extended account of the poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites with carbonaceous nanofillers and fillers is given. The physical properties and how to manufacture poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon nanotube, poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon black, and poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon fiber materials are appraised. The research so far shows that the mechanical, thermal, conducting, and microstructural performances improved compared with pure poly(methyl methacrylate). In order to further enhance the poly(methyl methacrylate) material performance, chemically modifying the carbonaceous fillers and chemical affinity with the polymer matrix are necessary. The main challenges here are to obtain well-dispersed, aligned, and easily processable poly(methyl methacrylate)-based composites. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanocomposite applications are also reviewed in an attempt to facilitate progress in this emerging area. These materials are potential candidates in electromagnetic interference shielding, gas sensors, separation membranes, tissue engineering, and drug delivery applications.

A series of novel zinc oxide / Poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite films with different ZnO contents were prepared through inclusion of pre-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The physical composition and morphology of the as-prepared nanocomposites were studied by XRD and TEM. The TEM analyses revealed that the zinc oxide nanoparticles have a particle size of ~3–5 nm. X-ray diffraction proved the presence of the amorphous PMMA in the nanocomposites. The intermolecular interactions within the polymer nanocomposites were explored by FTIR and XRD. FTIR spectra confirmed the dispersion of the zinc oxide nanoparticles in the Poly (methyl methacrylate) i.e. PMMA matrices. The UV-Vis absorption measurements of the ZnO/PMMA nanocomposites proved their potential optical properties.

To evaluate and compare the effect of fiber reinforcement on the dimensional changes of heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin after processing and immersion in water. Three different heat-cure resins were selected for the present study: (1) Nonreinforced heat-cure methyl methacrylate resin, (2) High Impact heat-cured methyl methacrylate resin and (3) Fiberglass reinforced methyl methacrylate resin. Ninety samples were prepared using three different resins and denture bases obtained for the same. The amount of space between the tissue surface and the cast in the anterior, middle and posterior regions is measured after processing and immersion in water for 17 days using a traveling microscope having a least count of 0.001 cm. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for the dimensional changes and were subjected to statistical analysis (Student t-test, unpaired). Among the three groups of resins, fiber reinforced heat-cured methyl methacrylate resin was found to be statistically highly significant in terms of dimensional changes when compared with the nonreinforced and high impact heat-cured resins. Dimensional changes were evident in all the planes in the three groups studied and were in the following decreasing order-fiberglass reinforced heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin, high impact heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin and nonreinforced heat-cured poly (methyl methacrylate) resin. The fibers are added in order to increase the strength of acrylic resin. Considering only the strength may in turn affect the dimensional accuracy of the acrylic resin resulting in loss of retention and stability, affecting the fit of the denture.

Special attention, has been /focused on. the development: of Polymer blends' in recent, years. It is a member; of a class of materials' analogous to metal, alloys, in which at' least two polymers, are blended together to create, a new material with / different properties. In the present study, Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) / Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blends with different weight ratios Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) widely used as and the liquid part of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer a prosthodontic denture resin, the denture materials resin should exhibit good physical and mechanical properties. In the present research, efforts are made to develop the properties of PMMA resin that used for upper and lower prosthesis complete denture, by different ratios of (0, 2%, 6%, 10%, 14%, 18%, 22%, 26%) to poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), cold cured. The blend formation has been confirmed from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), SEM, DSC - TGA and toxicity. By studying DSA and TGA, The DSC test results show that the glass transition temperature (Tg) value is equal (178) c0 and melting point between (368-372) for all concentrations of PMMA/PVP blends. Surface topography and morphology of PMMA-PVP shown by SEM. The results of the toxicological examination showed that the lowest toxicity appeared at a concentration of 78% - 22% for PMMA- PVP. The best results appear in (22%) PVP and (78%) PMMA.

Polymeric nanocomposite foams have attracted increasing research attention for technical reasons. Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a remarkable and viable thermoplastic polymer. This review highlights some indispensable aspects of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite foams with nanocarbon nanofillers (carbon nanotube, graphene, etc.) and inorganic nanoparticles (nanoclay, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, silica, etc.). The design and physical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite foams have been deliberated. It has been observed that processing strategies, nanofiller dispersion, and interfacial interactions in poly(methyl methacrylate)–nanofiller have been found essential to produce high-performance nanocellular foams. The emergent application areas of the poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite foams are electromagnetic interference shielding, sensors, and supercapacitors.

Nanostructured carbon‐based polymeric nanocomposites are gaining research interest because of their cost‐effectiveness, lightweight, and robust electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Till now, it is a great challenge to design and fabricate highly scalable, cost‐effective nanocomposites with superior EMI shielding performance. Herein, highly scalable EMI shielding material with tunable absorbing behaviors comprising of low‐budget ketjen black (K‐CB) reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites have been prepared using simple solvent assisted solution mixing technique followed by hot compression technique. The morphological investigation revealed the homogeneous distribution of K‐CB and strong interfacial interaction in PMMA matrix, which validated the strong reinforcement and other intriguing properties of the nanocomposites. The PMMA nanocomposites showed a low percolation threshold (2.79 wt%) and excellent electrical conductivity due to the formation of 3D conductive network like architecture within the polymer matrix. Specifically, the 10 wt% K‐CB nanocomposite possessed a superior EMI shielding performance of about 28 dB for X‐band frequency range. Further, a huge change in EMI shielding performance of PMMA nanocomposites is observed with varying thickness. The brand new K‐CB decorated PMMA nanocomposites are expected to open the door for next‐generation cost‐effective EMI shielding materials for academic and industrial applications.

Introduction Poly(methyl methacrylate) is widely used as denture base material due its better physical properties, ease to fabricate, and repair. Despite being the material of choice for the denture fabrication, dentures made from poly(methyl methacrylate) may exhibit dimensional changes due to volumetric shrinkage. This further affects the retention of the denture. Various methods have been used to overcome this problem. One such method is the use of injection molding technique. So, a study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of dentures processed by injection molding technique in reducing the volumetric shrinkage. Objective To evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of poly(methyl methacrylate) resin processed by conventional and injection molding technique. Materials and Methods A total of 90 samples were made. Half of the samples (45) were fabricated by compression molding and half (45) by injection molding technique. Dimensional change was studied at three equidistant points in posterior region with the help of digitized travelling microscope. Statistical analysis was done using student’s t-test. Result Dimensional accuracy of injection molded poly(methyl methacrylate) resin was greater than that of compression molded poly(methyl methacrylate).

The study presents preparation of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) based nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes consisting of, salt lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), plasticizer PC/DEC and different proportions of SiO2 nanofiber by solution casting process. The effect of the composition of the electrolytes on their ionic, mechanical and thermal characteristics was investigated. Morphology of the nanocomposite electrolyte films has been observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Interactions among the constituents of the composite and structural changes of the base polymer were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The maximum conductivity i.e. 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature is obtained with the electrolyte composition of 0.6(PMMA)-0.15(PC + DEC)-0.1LiClO4 (wt%) containing 10 wt% SiO2 nanofiber and the temperature dependent conductivity data of the electrolyte follows Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) behavior.

We have reported a simple method for synthesizing polythiophene/graphene, poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene and polythiophene- co-poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanocomposite via a solution method. The polythiophene was prepared by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization using ferric chloride hexahydrate. Besides, simple in-situ conversion of graphite to graphene was attained in aprotic solvent via sonication. The physio-chemical nanocomposite properties were studied to analyze structural, morphological, thermal and electrical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis corroborated the structures of polythiophene/graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene/graphene. Morphological analysis revealed good dispersion of graphene sheets in copolymer matrix having unique granular dispersion of polythiophene over the filler surface when compared with the microstructures of polythiophene/graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the polythiophene and poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene amorphous structure, as well as graphitic structure in the nanocomposite. The thermal conductivity was found to increase for the copolymer series and was higher for poly(methyl methacrylate) -co-polythiophene/graphene 1.5 with 1.5 wt% loading (1.22 W/mK). Similarly, with the in-situ graphene loading the electrical conductivity was enhanced up to 2.4 × 10−3 S/cm (poly(methyl methacrylate) -co-polythiophene/graphene 1.5).

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Thermal, Adsorption and Antioxidant Studies of Amino Functionalized Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Titanium dioxide Nanocomposites

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Silica Nanoparticle in Oligomeric Poly(methyl methacrylate): A Model System for Studying the Interphase Thickness in a Polymer–Nanocomposite via Different Properties

Aims:To compare the shear bond strength between resin composite and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with various bonding protocols and to evaluate the optical properties of resin composite - layered provisional Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).Materials and Methods:Eighty cylindrical shape specimens were fabricated from self-polymerized provisional Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and they were randomly divided into eight groups. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was mixed and bonded onto the specimens as a positive control group. Resin composite was bonded to MMA-wetted surface without bonding agent as a negative control group. All remaining groups were bonded to resin composite using different bonding agents (Scothbond Universal, Luxatemp glaze&bond, and HC Primer) with and without MMA wetting. Shear bond strength testing was performed using a universal testing machine. Various shades of 0.5 mm-thick resin composites were layered onto 1.5 mm-thick PMMA both light and dark shade, with the most effective bonding protocol. Color differences between resin composite and – layered provisional Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were measured using Spectrophotometer.Results:Bonding resin composite onto Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using luxatemp glaze, bond and HC Primer without methyl methacrylate wetting provided statistically significantly lower bond strength than those of the MMA-wetted Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface. The highest shear bond strength was achieved with the application of Scothbond Universal Adhesive regardless of MMA wetting. The colors of resin composite - layered provisional Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were different from the original resin composite color with ΔE results greater than the acceptable threshold (>3.7).Conclusion:Resin composites were able to effectively bond to the MMA-wetted Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface with the application of a tested bonding agent. Layering Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with 0.5 mm-thick resin composite could not modify the Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) shade to the original resin composite color.

Wetting and Chain Packing across Interfacial Zones Affect Distribution of Relaxations in Polymer and Polymer-Grafted Nanocomposites

Silver nanoparticles with 5–10 nm diameters are synthesised using Couroupita guianensis flower extract. The synthesised silver nanoparticles found to show good antimicrobial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers with pristine, surface roughened and coaxial hollow forms are prepared by electrospinning. The structural and morphological properties of these pure and structurally modified poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers are evidenced by various analytical techniques. The antimicrobial studies of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers having different architectures incorporated with silver nanoparticles are carried out. It is found that, all the three forms of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers incorporated with silver nanoparticles show antibacterial properties against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Among these, surface roughened poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers incorporated with silver nanoparticles show highest antibacterial activity than the other two structural forms. The present study offers an alternative to the existing optical lenses. People especially those who suffer from eye problems can protect their eyes in a better way from infectious agents by wearing optical lens made from C. guianensis stabilised silver nanoparticles incorporated poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers than that made from pure poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers or films.